1. March 15, 20061 2 July 2005 MicrowaveOven is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Dishwasher is a type of Kitchen-Appliance

2. March 15, 20062 2 July 2005 Rthagide-disjaks is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Gracinimumples is a type of Kitchen-Appliance

3. March 15, 20063 2 July 2005 Rthagide-disjaks is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Gracinimumples is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Rthagide-disjaks requires Electricity. Gracinimumples requires Electricity and Water.

4. March 15, 20064 2 July 2005 Rthagide-disjaks is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Gracinimumples is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Rthagide-disjaks requires Vorawnistz. Gracinimumples requires Vorawnistz and Buzqa.

5. March 15, 20065 2 July 2005 Rthagide-disjaks is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Gracinimumples is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Rthagide-disjaks requires Vorawnistz. Gracinimumples requires Vorawnistz and Buzqa. Buzqa is a Liquid and supplied through Pipes.

6. March 15, 20066 2 July 2005 Rthagide-disjaks is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Gracinimumples is a type of Kitchen-Appliance Rthagide-disjaks requires Vorawnistz. Gracinimumples requires Vorawnistz and Buzqa. Buzqa is a Thwarn and supplied through Epluns.

7. March 15, 20067 2 July 2005 Hope: Eventually, after writing millions of these rules, the system knows as much about pipes, liquids, water, electricity, microwave ovens, dishwashers, etc. as you and I do

8. March 15, 20068 Cyc: A Large Formal Ontology Thing Intangible Thing Intangible Thing Individual Temporal Thing Temporal Thing Spatial Thing Spatial Thing Partially Tangible Thing Partially Tangible Thing Paths Sets Relations Sets Relations Logic Math Logic Math Human Artifacts Human Artifacts Social Relations, Culture Social Relations, Culture Human Anatomy & Physiology Human Anatomy & Physiology Emotion Perception Belief Emotion Perception Belief Human Behavior & Actions Human Behavior & Actions Products Devices Products Devices Conceptual Works Conceptual Works Vehicles Buildings Weapons Vehicles Buildings Weapons Mechanical & Electrical Devices Mechanical & Electrical Devices Software Literature Works of Art Software Literature Works of Art Language Agent Organizations Agent Organizations Organizational Actions Organizational Actions Organizational Plans Organizational Plans Types of Organizations Types of Organizations Human Organizations Human Organizations Nations Governments Geo-Politics Nations Governments Geo-Politics Business, Military Organizations Business, Military Organizations Law Business & Commerce Business & Commerce Politics Warfare Politics Warfare Professions Occupations Professions Occupations Purchasing Shopping Purchasing Shopping Travel Communication Travel Communication Transportation & Logistics Transportation & Logistics Social Activities Social Activities Everyday Living Everyday Living Sports Recreation Entertainment Sports Recreation Entertainment Artifacts Movement State Change Dynamics State Change Dynamics Materials Parts Statics Materials Parts Statics Physical Agents Physical Agents Borders Geometry Borders Geometry Events Scripts Events Scripts Spatial Paths Spatial Paths Actors Actions Actors Actions Plans Goals Plans Goals Time Agents Space Physical Objects Physical Objects Human Beings Human Beings Organ- ization Organ- ization Human Activities Human Activities Living Things Living Things Social Behavior Social Behavior Life Forms Life Forms Animals Plants Ecology Natural Geography Natural Geography Earth & Solar System Earth & Solar System Political Geography Political Geography Weather General Knowledge about Various Domains Cyc contains: 15,000Predicates 300,000Concepts 3,200,000Assertions Represented in: First Order Logic Higher Order Logic Context Logic Micro-theories Specific data, facts, and observations

9. March 15, 20069

10. 10 Temporal Relations 37 Relations Between Temporal Things temporalBoundsIntersect temporallyIntersects startsAfterStartingOf endsAfterEndingOf startingDate temporallyContains temporallyCooriginating temporalBoundsContain temporalBoundsIdentical startsDuring overlapsStart startingPoint simultaneousWith after

11. March 15, 200611 parts intangibleParts subInformation subEvents physicalDecompositions physicalPortions physicalParts externalParts internalParts anatomicalParts constituents functionalPart Senses of ‘Part’

12. March 15, 200612 Concepts in mereotopology: X Y X is part of Y X Y X overlaps Y X is Y X is connected to Y X is Y 1 …Y n X is is the sum the objects Y 1 …Y n These can be used to describe real world situations, e.g. The relationship of the Sonora desert to California, Arizona and Mexico The Sonora desert is the The Sonora desert is part of the CA, AZ and Mexico. sum of CA, AZ and Mexico. Senses of ‘Part’

13. March 15, 200613 23 Senses of ‘In’ Can the inner object leave by passing between members of the outer group? –Yes -- Try in-Among

14. March 15, 200614 23 Senses of ‘In’ Does part of the inner object stick out of the container? –None of it. -- Try in-ContCompletely –Yes -- Try in-ContPartially –If the container were turned around could the contained object fall out? No -- Try in-ContClosed Yes -- Try in-ContOpen

15. March 15, 200615 23 Senses of ‘In’ Is it attached to the inside of the outer object? –Yes -- Try connectedToInside Can it be removed, if enough force is used, without damaging either object? –Yes -- Try in-Snugly or screwedIn Does the inner object stick into the outer object? Yes -- Try sticksInto

16. March 15, 200616 Event Types PhysicalStateChangeEvent TemperatureChangingProcess BiologicalDevelopmentEvent ShapeChangeEvent MovementEvent ChangingDeviceState GivingSomething DiscoveryEvent Cracking Carving Buying Thinking Mixing Singing CuttingNails PumpingFluid 11,000 more

17. March 15, 200617 performedBy causes-EventEvent objectPlaced objectOfStateChange outputsCreated inputsDestroyed assistingAgent beneficiary fromLocation toLocation deviceUsed driverActor damages vehicle providerOfMotiveForce transportees Relations Between an Event and its Participants Over 400 more.

18. March 15, 200618 Emotion Types of Emotions: – Adulation – Abhorrence – Relaxed-Feeling – Gratitude – Anticipation-Feeling –Over 120 of these Predicates For Defining and Attributing Emotions: – contraryFeelings – appropriateEmotion – actionExpressesFeeling – feelsTowardsObject – feelsTowardsPersonType

19. March 15, 200619 Propositional Attitudes Relations Between Agents and Propositions goals intends desires hopes expects beliefs opinions knows rememberedProp perceivesThat seesThat tastesThat Most of these are modal and assertions using them go beyond 1 st -order logic

20. March 15, 200620 Devices Over 4000 Specializations of PhysicalDevice – ClothesWasher – NuclearAircraftCarrier Vocabulary for Describing Device Functions – primaryFunction-DeviceType Device Specific Predicates gunCaliber speedOf Device States (40+) DeviceOn CockedState