1. 1 Web Standards for the Clumps Projects Brian KellyEmail Address UK Web Focus B.Kelly@ukoln.ac.uk UKOLNURL University of Bath http://www.ukoln.ac.uk/ UKOLN is funded by the British Library Research and Innovation Centre, the Joint Information Systems Committee of the Higher Education Funding Councils, as well as by project funding from the JISC’s Electronic Libraries Programme and the European Union. UKOLN also receives support from the University of Bath where it is based.

2. 2 Contents Introduction Web Standards Overview Web Standards: Data Formats Transport Addressing Metadata Distributed Searching Collections Authentication Deployment Issues Aims of Talk To give brief overview of web architecture To describe developments to web standards To briefly address implementation models Aims of Talk To give brief overview of web architecture To describe developments to web standards To briefly address implementation models

3. 3 Standardisation W3C Produces W3C Recommendations on Web protocols Managed approach to developments Protocols initially developed by W3C members Decisions made by W3C, influenced by member and public review IETF Produces Internet Drafts on Internet protocols Bottom-up approach to developments Protocols developed by interested individuals "Rough consensus and working code" ISO Produces ISO Standards Can be slow moving and bureaucratic Produce robust standards Proprietary De facto standards Often initially appealing (cf PowerPoint, PDF) May emerge as standards PNG HTML Z39.50 Java? PNG HTML Z39.50 Java? PNG HTML HTTP PNG HTML HTTP URN whois++ HTTP URN whois++ HTML extensions PDF and Java? HTML extensions PDF and Java?

4. 4 The Web Vision Tim Berners-Lee's (and W3C's) vision for the Web: Evolvability is critical Automation of information management: If a decision can be made by machine, it should All structured data formats should be based on XML Migrate HTML to XML All logical assertions to map onto RDF model All metadata to use RDF See keynote talk at WWW 7 conference at

5. 5 HTML 4.0, CSS 2.0 and DOM HTML 4.0 used in conjunction with CSS 2.0 (Cascading Style Sheets) and the DOM provides an architecturally pure, yet functionally rich environment HTML 4.0 - W3C-Rec Improved forms Hooks for stylesheets Hooks for scripting languages Table enhancements Better printing CSS 2.0 - W3C-Rec Support for all HTML formatting Positioning of HTML elements Multiple media support Problems Changes during CSS development Netscape & IE incompatibilities Continued use of browsers with known bugs Problems Changes during CSS development Netscape & IE incompatibilities Continued use of browsers with known bugs DOM - W3C-Rec Document Object Model Hooks for scripting languages Permits changes to HTML & CSS properties and content

6. 6 HTML Limitations HTML 4.0 / CSS 2.0 have limitations: Difficulties in introducing new elements –Time-consuming standardisation process ( ) –Dictated by browser vendor (, ) Area may be inappropriate for standarisation: –Covers specialist area (maths, music,...) –Application-specific ( ) HTML is a display (output) format HTML's lack of arbitrary structure limits functionality: –Find all memos copied to John Smith –How many unique tracks on Jackson Browne CDs

7. 7 XML XML: Extensible Markup Language A lightweight SGML designed for network use Addresses HTML's lack of evolvability Arbitrary elements can be defined (,, etc) Agreement achieved quickly - XML 1.0 became W3C Recommendation in Feb 1998 Support from industry (SGML vendors, Microsoft, etc.) Support in Netscape 5 and IE 5

8. 8 XML Concepts Well-formed XML resources: Make end-tags explicit:... Make empty elements explicit: Quote attributes <IMG SRC="logo" HEIGHT="20" Use consistent upper/lower case Valid XML resources: Need DTD XML Namespaces: Mechanism for ensuring unique XML elements : Insert M-471

9. 9 XML Deployment Ariadne issue 15 has article on "What Is XML?" Describes how XML support can be provided: Natively by new browsers Back end conversion of XML - HTML Client-side conversion of XML - HTML / CSS Java rendering of XML Examples of intermediaries See http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue15/what-is/

10. 10 XLink, XPointer and XSL XLink will provide sophisticated hyperlinking missing in HTML: Links that lead user to multiple destinations Bidirectional links Links with special behaviors: –Expand-in-place / Replace / Create new window –Link on load / Link on user action Link databases XPointer will provide access to arbitrary portions of XML resource XSL stylesheet language will provide extensibility and transformation facilities (e.g. create a table of contents) England France

11. 11 XML Update Data / Schemas XML-Data: Submitted to W3C Jan 98 (Obsolete?) Document Content Description: Submitted Aug 98 XSchema: Independent effort Programming Interface DOM level 1: W3C Recommendation, May 98 Style & Presentation CSS level 2: W3C Recommendation, May 98 Extensible Style Language: Working Draft, Aug 98 Relationship to Other Resources XLink, XPointer: Working Drafts, Mar 98 XML Namespaces: Working Draft, Aug 98 Query Languages XML Query Language: Submitted to W3C Aug 98 XQL: Independent effort

12. 12 Addressing URLs (e.g. http://www.bristol-poly.ac.uk/depts/music/ ) have limitations: Lack of long-term persistency –Organisation changes name –Department shut down or merged –Directory structure reorganised Inability to support multiple versions of resources (mirroring) URNs (Uniform Resource Names): Proposed as solution Difficult to implement (no W3C activity in this area)

13. 13 Addressing - Solutions DOIs (Document Object Identifiers): Proposed by publishing industry as a solution Aimed at supporting rights ownership Business model needed PURLs (Persistent URLs): Provide single level of redirection Pragmatic Solution: URLs don't break - people break them Design URLs to have long life-span Further information:

14. 14 Transport HTTP/0.9 and HTTP/1.0:  Design flaws and implementation problems HTTP/1.1: Addresses some of these problems 60% server support Performance benefits! (60% packet traffic reduction)  Is acting as fire-fighter  Not sufficiently flexible or extensible HTTP/NG: Radical redesign using object-oriented technologies Undergoing trials Gradual transition (using proxies) Integration of application (distributed searching?)

15. 15 Metadata Metadata - the missing architectural component from the initial implementation of the web Metadata -RDF PICS, TCN, MCF, DSig, DC,... Addressing URL Data format HTML Transport HTTP Metadata Needs: Resource discovery Content filtering Authentication Improved navigation Multiple format support Rights management Metadata Needs: Resource discovery Content filtering Authentication Improved navigation Multiple format support Rights management

16. 16 Metadata Examples DSig (Digital Signatures initiative): Key component for providing trust on the web DSig 2.0 will be based on RDF and will support signed assertion: –This page is from the University of Bath –This page is a legally-binding list of courses provided by the University P3P (Platform for Privacy Preferences): Developing methods for exchanging Privacy Practices of Web sites and user Note that discussions about additional rights management metadata are currently taking place

17. 17 Sitemaps Sitemaps provide navigational alternatives to browsing a site by following links. Configurable site maps will enable end users to define hierarchies http://www.elsop.com/ linkscan/map.html

18. 18 RDF RDF (Resource Description Framework): Highlight of WWW 7 conference Provides a metadata framework ("machine understandable metadata for the web") Based on ideas from content rating (PICS), resource discovery (Dublin Core) and site mapping (MCF) Applications include: –cataloging resources– resource discovery –electronic commerce– intelligent agents –digital signatures– content rating –intellectual property rights– privacy See

19. 19 RDF Model RDF: Based on a formal data model (direct label graphs) Syntax for interchange of data Schema model Resource Value PropertyType Property page.html £0.05 Cost 11-May-98 ValidUntil RDF Data Model page.html £0.05 11-May-98 Property Cost InstanceOf ValidUntil Value PropObj Cost PropName

20. 20 RDF Example Example of Dublin Core metadata in RDF John Smith John’s Home Page

21. 21 Browser Support for RDF Mozilla (Netscape's source code release) provides support for RDF. Mozilla supports site maps in RDF, as well as bookmarks and history lists See Netscape's or HotWired home page for a link to the RDF file. Trusted 3rd Party Metadata Embedded Metadata e.g. sitemaps Image from http://purl.oclc.org/net/eric/talks/www7/devday/

22. 22 RDF Conclusion  RDF is a general-purpose framework  RDF provides structured, machine- understandable metadata for the Web  Metadata vocabularies can be developed without central coordination  Role for eLib projects in defining schemas?  RDF Schemas describe the meaning of each property name  Signed RDF is the basis for trust

23. 23 Distributed Searching Distributed searching important for the DNER (Distributed National Electronic Resource) ROADS prototype provides cross-searching using whois++ http://prospero.ahds.ac.uk:8080/ahds_live/ AHDS prototype provides cross-searching using Z39.50

24. 24 How Metadata Could Be Used Database Description Music resources, including... Policy (Terms & Conditions / Resource and Service) For licensing reasons, access is restricted to authorised HEIs For performance reasons, access restricted between 9-17.00 The service logo must be included in results set, unless results only come from service Permission for cross-searching restricted to other eLib projects You're only allowed to link to the main entry point Individual Give me HTML or PDF resources, not Word, … I'm blind. Include ACSS in results and deliver a sitemap Client Software My browser doesn't support XML,so send me HTML Issues: Loss of visibility Performance,..

25. 25 Collection Description Work Collection Description Group: UKOLN involvement in producing list of attributes for collection level description (in the library, museum, archival sense), which includes databases of Internet resource descriptions such as SOSIG. Work of interest to clumps and hybrid libraries. WG membership: Dan Brickley (ROADS, ILRT), Andy Powell (ROADS), Verity Brack (RIDING), Matthew Dovey (Music Online, Malibu), Dennis Nicholson (BUBL/CAIRNS) and David Kay (FD). See Collection Description eLib supporting study due out in Oct. Will define core attributes (cf Dublin Core).

26. 26 Technologies Number of formats and protocols could be used to implement distributed searching. XML and RDF plus: Z39.50 ISO standard. Well-known in library world, but heavy-weight whois++ Lightweight IETF standard. Used in ANR gateways, but not widely deployed LDAP Lightweight version of X.500 directory service. HTTP/NG? Opportunity to develop new solution using OO technologies IETF WebDav: Requirement for distributed authoring include author metadata and collection definitions. See and

27. 27 Authentication Deployment of an open, scaleable, flexible authentication system is difficult & expensive Current solutions include: Server-based username and password schemes IP-based schemes Athens - Based on replicated Sybase application See W3C DSig work - Digital Signatures Initiative. See Other Public Key developments - e.g. reports of Post Office involvement, statements from Tony Blair, EU,.. "In May 1998 the Commission published its proposal for a "European Parliament and Council Directive on a Common Framework for Electronic Signatures" (COM(1998)297)."

28. 28 Certificates Should we be looking into using commercially- supported digital ids, such as Verisign's? Can purchase server ID for $349 End user certificates available Use certificates to positively identify yourself, certificate authorities and publishers Browser Support Need for a certification infrastructure

29. 29 Intermediaries can provide functionality not available at client: DOI support XML support / format conversion Authentication Intermediaries can provide functionality not available at client: DOI support XML support / format conversion Authentication Deployment Issues More sophisticated deployment techniques can be adopted to overcome deficiencies in simple model HTML resource browser Web server Web server simply sends file to client File contains redundant information (for old browsers) plus client interrogation support HTML / XML / database resource browser Server proxy Client proxy Original Model Sophisticated Model Intelligent Web server Example of an intermediary

30. 30 Conclusions To conclude: Standards are important, especially for national initiatives, such as eLib Proprietary solutions are often tempting because: –They are available –They are often well-marketed and well-supported –They may become standardised –Solutions based on standards may not be properly supported by applications Metadata is big growth area Opportunity for eLib projects to shape developments Intermediaries may have a role to play in deploying standards-based solutions Intelligent servers likely to be important