1. 1 Psychology 307: Cultural Psychology Lecture 13

2. 2 Midterm For those students who do not write a paper, the exam is worth one-half of your final grade; for those students who do write a paper, the exam is worth one-third of your final grade. The exam will be scored out of 75 points. February 10: 35 multiple choice questions (1 point each), 5 definitions (2 points each). February 12: Short answer questions (ranging in value from 2-8 points).

3. 3 Please arrive on time to facilitate rapid distribution of the exams. Bring a pencil, eraser, pen, and your student ID to the exam. All electronic devices must be put away before the start of the exam. Students may not leave the exam room during the last 10 minutes of the exam. At 2:48, we will ask that students pass their exams to the left, to the end of their row. Thereafter, we will collect the exams. Once all of the exams have been collected, students may leave the exam room. Hats (e.g., baseball caps) should not be worn during the exam.

4. 4 Personality 1.Do trait theories adequately describe personality in non-Western cultures? (continued)

5. 5 Do trait theories adequately describe personality in non- Western cultures? (continued) 2. The Five Factor Model of Personality  The Five Factor Model of Personality (FFM) was developed on the basis of empirical research.

6. 6  Over the last several decades, dozens of researchers have attempted to identify the basic dimensions underlying the array of trait adjectives found in the English language.  Early studies were based on the work of Allport and Odbert (1936), who identified 17,953 trait adjectives in the English language dictionary.

7. 7  These early studies attempted to identify the basic dimensions underlying Allport and Odbert’s list of trait adjectives. The researchers: (a) reduced Allport and Odbert’s list of trait adjectives to a manageable number by eliminating synonyms, physical descriptors, temporary states, and unfamiliar terms. (b) administered the reduced list of trait adjectives to participants in the form of a self-report questionnaire. (c) factor analyzed participants’ responses in order to identify groups of highly inter-correlated items.

8. 8  The researchers consistently found 5 groups of inter-correlated items. Each group of inter- correlated items was thought to reflect a single dimension of personality.  In the years following these early studies, other researchers (e.g., Costa & McCrae, 1989; Goldberg, 1981) have attempted to identify the basic dimensions underlying English language trait adjectives. These researchers have consistently produced the same 5 dimensions identified by early researchers.

9. 9  Accordingly, many contemporary personality psychologists have come to believe that there are 5 basic dimensions underlying personality in English- speaking cultures. The most common labels used for these dimensions are: Extraversion (E): Reflects engagement with the social world. Encompasses traits such as assertive and talkative vs. inhibited and shy. Neuroticism (N): Reflects a tendency to experience negative and unstable emotions. Encompasses traits such as anxious and insecure vs. optimistic and stable.

10. 10 Agreeableness (A): Reflects a concern with cooperation and social harmony. Encompasses traits such as kind and sympathetic vs. cold and cruel. Conscientiousness (C): Reflects an ability to control and regulate impulses. Encompasses traits such as meticulous and organized vs. disorderly and sloppy. Openness to Experience (O): Reflects an open and creative cognitive style. Encompasses traits such as artistic and intellectual vs. unimaginative and unreflective.

11. 11  The 5 dimensions are typically assessed using one of two types of measures: (a) Self-report questionnaires containing adjectives accompanied by rating scales. Questionnaire: The Big Five Test Score 1: Openness to Experience Score 3: Extraversion Score 2: Conscientiousness Score 4: Agreeableness Score 5: Neuroticism

12. 12 Score 1: Openness to Experience FemalesX = 19.4SD = 2.925%ile = 1875%ile = 21 MalesX = 20.3SD = 2.825%ile = 1875%ile = 22 Score 2: Conscientiousness FemalesX = 20.2SD = 3.225%ile = 1975%ile = 23 MalesX = 18.8SD = 3.325%ile = 1775%ile = 21 The Big Five Test: Statistics for an American Sample X = Mean SD = Standard deviation 25%ile and below = Low scores 75%ile and above = High scores

13. 13 Score 4: Agreeableness FemalesX = 22.2SD = 2.625%ile = 2175%ile = 24 MalesX = 18.8SD = 3.325%ile = 1775%ile = 21 Score 5: Neuroticism FemalesX = 18.5SD = 4.425%ile = 1675%ile = 22 MalesX = 16.3SD = 4.925%ile = 1375%ile = 20 Score 3: Extraversion FemalesX = 19.0SD = 3.525%ile = 1775%ile = 22 MalesX = 18.8SD = 3.525%ile = 1675%ile = 22

14. 14 Items from the NEO-PI-R: “I don’t find it easy to take charge of a situation.” (E) “Most people I know like me.”(A) “I keep my belongings neat and clean.”(C) “I have frequent mood swings.”(N) “I enjoy trying new and foreign foods.”(O) (b)Self-report questionnaires containing statements accompanied by rating scales.

15. 15  For example, McCrae et al. (2005) administered the NEO-PI-R to participants in 51 countries (e.g., Belgium, Canada, China, Croatia, Iceland, Indonesia, Kuwait, Nigeria, Russia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey). Consistent with the FFM, they found that each of the 5 dimensions could be reproduced in all of the countries surveyed.  In light of the popularity of the FFM, psychologists have examined its universality across cultures.

16. 16 On the basis of their findings, McCrae et al. (2005) developed the following diagram to depict the “personality profiles” of different nations. Note: (a) Countries that are close to one another in the diagram tend to share similar personality profiles. (b) Countries located toward the top of the diagram tend to be high in N and low in C. Countries located toward the right of the diagram tend to be high in E, A, and O.

17. 17 High N, Low C High E, A, and O

18. 18 Note that the largest difference that McCrae et al. (2005) found was in E, with Americans and Europeans obtaining higher scores than Africans and Asians. E.g., Mean scores on E: Americans: 52.3 Belgians: 52.2 Canadians: 52.5 English: 53.7 French Swiss: 51.0 Irish: 55.6 Portuguese: 51.3 Chinese: 46.6 Ethiopians: 47.0 Filipinos: 48.9 Indians: 48.5 Moroccans: 44.8 Nigerians: 44.4 Ugandans: 46.5

19. 19  In contrast to McCrae et al. (2005), other researchers have administered indigenously developed measures to participants in other cultures. The results of their studies suggest that there may be more than 5 dimensions underlying personality in some non-English speaking countries.  For example, Church et al. (1997) developed an indigenous measure of personality in the Philippines.

20. 20 Church et al. (1997) initially identified 6,900 trait adjectives in the Filipino language dictionary. In order to identify the basic dimensions underlying these trait adjectives. They: (a) reduced the list of trait adjectives to a manageable number by eliminating synonyms, physical descriptors, temporary states, and unfamiliar terms. (b) administered the reduced list of trait adjectives to participants in the form of a self-report questionnaire. (c) factor analyzed participants’ responses in order to identify groups of highly inter-correlated items.

21. 21 Using this procedure, Church et al. (1997) identified 7 groups of inter-correlated items or dimensions of personality. They labeled the dimensions: Gregariousness, Self-assurance, Concern for others vs. egotism, Conscientiousness, Intellect, Temperamentalness, and Negative valence They found that the first 5 of these dimensions were highly correlated with the FFM dimensions of E, N, A, C, and O, respectively:

22. 22 Filipino Dimension ENACO Gregariousness.66**.03-.13**-.37**.10** Self-Assurance.31**-.58**.13**.24**.36** Concern for others vs. Egotism -.03-.17**.81**.56**.10** Conscientiousness-.35**-.20**.59**.77**-.01 Intellect.05-.26**.30**.32**.56** Correlations between Church et al.’s (1997) Filipino Dimensions of Personality and the Big 5 **p <.01

23. 23 Temperamentalness: Reflects emotional reactivity. Encompasses traits such as hot-headed and irritable vs. calm and understanding. Negative valence: Reflects social deviance. Encompasses traits such as crazy and sadistic vs. normal and loving. However, they found that the latter 2 dimensions were not correlated with the FFM dimensions. Church et al. described these 2 dimensions as “indigenous Philippine dimensions”:

24. 24  On the basis of these findings, Church et al. (1997) suggested that there are at least 7 dimensions underlying personality in the Philippines: E, N, A, C, O, temperamentalness, and negative valence.

25. 25 Personality 1.Do trait theories adequately describe personality in non-Western cultures? (continued)