1. PEDIGREES Tracing traits through generations 1

2. What is a Pedigree?  a Pedigree is a chart that traces the occurrence of a trait through several generations of a family  The family tree of genetics  Scientists or a genetic counselor would find out about your family history and make this chart to analyze a genetic trait 2

3. Constructing a Pedigree  A circle represents a female  A square represents a male  A horizontal line connecting a male and female represents a marriage  A vertical line and a bracket connect the parents to their children  A circle/square that is shaded means the person HAS the trait.  A circle/square that is not shaded means the person does not have the trait.  Children are placed from oldest to youngest 3

4. 4 Male-DAD Female-MOM Female-daughter Male- Son Oldest to youngest Marriage Has the trait

5. Interpreting a Pedigree Chart 1. Determine if the pedigree chart shows an autosomal or X-linked disease. –If most of the males in the pedigree are affected the disorder is X-linked –If it is a 50/50 ratio between men and women the disorder is autosomal. 5

6. 6 Example of Pedigree Charts  Is it Autosomal or X-linked?

7. 7 Answer  Autosomal

8. 8 Interpreting a Pedigree Chart 2. Determine whether the disorder is dominant or recessive. –If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder. –If the disorder is recessive, neither parent has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous.

9. 9 Example of Pedigree Charts  Dominant or Recessive?

10. 10 Answer  Dominant

11. 11 Example of Pedigree Charts  Dominant or Recessive?

12. 12 Answer  Recessive

13. 13 Summary  Pedigrees are family trees that explain your genetic history.  Pedigrees are used to find out the probability of a child having a disorder in a particular family.  To begin to interpret a pedigree, determine if the disease or condition is autosomal or X-linked and dominant or recessive.