1. 1.Determine whether evolution occurs by mechanisms other than selection. 2.Compare and contrast population outcomes resulting from selection versus random events. Objectives

2. Can evolution occur by mechanisms other than selection? 1.Genetic drift; 2.Gene flow. Campbell, Chapter 23, pp.475-485

3. Plant Scenario 1: Initial Population

4. Late Spring Freeze

5. Who dies?...and therefore, does not reproduce.....

6. Consequence of Late Spring Freeze? Aincreasedecrease Bincreaseno change C Ddecreaseincrease Edecreaseno change Clicker Q1

7. Survivors

8. Survivors Reproduce  All Blue Population

9. Change in allele frequencies in a population over time due to random (stochastic) events in environment Plant Scenario 1: Genetic Drift

10. Q: What if blue was better able to survive the effects of a spring freeze? Plant Scenario 2: Initial Population

11. Q: What if blue was better able to survive the effects of a spring freeze? LATE SPRING FREEZE

12. Q: What if blue was better able to survive the effects of a spring freeze? Who dies?...and therefore, does not reproduce... LATE SPRING FREEZE

13. Q: What if blue was better able to survive the effects of a spring freeze? Late Spring Freeze Who dies?...and therefore, does not reproduce

14. Survivors

15. Survivors Reproduce The outcome is: All Blue Population. Same end result as Scenario 1. Is the mechanism the same?

16. Plant Scenario 3: Initial Population A squirrel drops a seed from a fruit it found across the road.

17. Immigration: “new” alleles are introduced into the population by interbreeding

18. What happens over time...

19. Gene Flow Physical movement of alleles into or out of a population by immigration/emigration.

20. Summary: Mechanisms of Evolution Selection (natural, sexual, artificial) Genetic Drift (random events in environment) Gene Flow (immigration/emigration)

21. Scales of Evolution Microevolution Macroevolution Small scale changes in allele frequencies Variability in population traits Large-scale changes Origin of new species

22. What is a species? In your group, write down a definition of species.

23. What is a species? Biological Species Concept: – Population of organisms capable of interbreeding AND producing viable and fertile offspring Can you think of any exceptions to this definition? Campbell, Chapter 24, pp. 487-492

24. Could speciation happen here?

25. A road is built that prevents pollen exchange.

26. Resulting subpopulations can’t interbreed due to barrier

27. Divergence

28. Accumulation of genetic change over time (due to drift, flow, different selective agents, random mutations)

29. If can no longer interbreed with then the 2 subpopulations have achieved reproductive isolation  new species!

30. Reminder: Scales of Evolution Microevolution Macroevolution Small scale changes in allele frequencies Variability in population traits Large-scale changes Origin of new species

31. Speciation Origination of new species resulting from reproductive isolation of populations that have diverged