1. 13 February 2016 Asymptotic Notation, Review of Functions & Summations

2. asymp - 1 Asymptotic Complexity  Running time of an algorithm as a function of input size n for large n.  Expressed using only the highest-order term in the expression for the exact running time.  Instead of exact running time, say  (n 2 ).  Describes behavior of function in the limit.  Written using Asymptotic Notation.

3. asymp - 2 Asymptotic Notation  , O, , o,   Defined for functions over the natural numbers.  Ex: f(n) =  (n 2 ).  Describes how f(n) grows in comparison to n 2.  Define a set of functions; in practice used to compare two function sizes.  The notations describe different rate-of-growth relations between the defining function and the defined set of functions.

4. asymp - 3  -notation  (g(n)) = { f(n) :  positive constants c 1, c 2, and n 0, such that  n  n 0, we have 0  c 1 g(n)  f(n)  c 2 g(n) } For function g(n), we define  (g(n)), big-Theta of n, as the set: g(n) is an asymptotically tight bound for f(n). Intuitively: Set of all functions that have the same rate of growth as g(n).

5. asymp - 4  -notation  (g(n)) = { f(n) :  positive constants c 1, c 2, and n 0, such that  n  n 0, we have 0  c 1 g(n)  f(n)  c 2 g(n) } For function g(n), we define  (g(n)), big-Theta of n, as the set: Technically, f(n)   (g(n)). Older usage, f(n) =  (g(n)). I’ll accept either… f(n) and g(n) are nonnegative, for large n.

6. asymp - 5 Example  10n 2 - 3n =  (n 2 )  What constants for n 0, c 1, and c 2 will work?  Make c 1 a little smaller than the leading coefficient, and c 2 a little bigger.  To compare orders of growth, look at the leading term.  Exercise: Prove that n 2 /2-3n=  (n 2 )  (g(n)) = { f(n) :  positive constants c 1, c 2, and n 0, such that  n  n 0, 0  c 1 g(n)  f(n)  c 2 g(n) }

7. asymp - 6 Example  Is 3n 3   (n 4 ) ??  How about 2 2n   (2 n )??  (g(n)) = { f(n) :  positive constants c 1, c 2, and n 0, such that  n  n 0, 0  c 1 g(n)  f(n)  c 2 g(n) }

8. asymp - 7 O-notation O(g(n)) = { f(n) :  positive constants c and n 0, such that  n  n 0, we have 0  f(n)  cg(n) } For function g(n), we define O(g(n)), big-O of n, as the set: g(n) is an asymptotic upper bound for f(n). Intuitively: Set of all functions whose rate of growth is the same as or lower than that of g(n). f(n) =  (g(n))  f(n) = O(g(n)).  (g(n))  O(g(n)).

9. asymp - 8 Examples  Any linear function an + b is in O(n 2 ). How?  Show that 3n 3 =O(n 4 ) for appropriate c and n 0. O(g(n)) = {f(n) :  positive constants c and n 0, such that  n  n 0, we have 0  f(n)  cg(n) }

10. asymp - 9  -notation g(n) is an asymptotic lower bound for f(n). Intuitively: Set of all functions whose rate of growth is the same as or higher than that of g(n). f(n) =  (g(n))  f(n) =  (g(n)).  (g(n))   (g(n)).  (g(n)) = { f(n) :  positive constants c and n 0, such that  n  n 0, we have 0  cg(n)  f(n) } For function g(n), we define  (g(n)), big-Omega of n, as the set:

11. asymp - 10 Example   n =  (lg n). Choose c and n 0.  (g(n)) = {f(n) :  positive constants c and n 0, such that  n  n 0, we have 0  cg(n)  f(n)}

12. asymp - 11 Relations Between , O, 

13. asymp - 12 Relations Between , , O  I.e.,  (g(n)) = O(g(n))   (g(n))  In practice, asymptotically tight bounds are obtained from asymptotic upper and lower bounds. Theorem : For any two functions g(n) and f(n), f(n) =  (g(n)) iff f(n) = O(g(n)) and f(n) =  (g(n)). Theorem : For any two functions g(n) and f(n), f(n) =  (g(n)) iff f(n) = O(g(n)) and f(n) =  (g(n)).

14. asymp - 13 Running Times  “Running time is O(f(n))”  Worst case is O(f(n))  O(f(n)) bound on the worst-case running time  O(f(n)) bound on the running time of every input.   (f(n)) bound on the worst-case running time   (f(n)) bound on the running time of every input.  “Running time is  (f(n))”  Best case is  (f(n))  Can still say “Worst-case running time is  (f(n))”  Means worst-case running time is given by some unspecified function g(n)   (f(n)).

15. asymp - 14 Example  Insertion sort takes  (n 2 ) in the worst case, so sorting (as a problem) is O(n 2 ). Why?  Any sort algorithm must look at each item, so sorting is  (n).  In fact, using (e.g.) merge sort, sorting is  (n lg n) in the worst case.  Later, we will prove that we cannot hope that any comparison sort to do better in the worst case.

16. asymp - 15 Asymptotic Notation in Equations  Can use asymptotic notation in equations to replace expressions containing lower-order terms.  For example, 4n 3 + 3n 2 + 2n + 1 = 4n 3 + 3n 2 +  (n) = 4n 3 +  (n 2 ) =  (n 3 ). How to interpret?  In equations,  (f(n)) always stands for an anonymous function g(n)   (f(n))  In the example above,  (n 2 ) stands for 3n 2 + 2n + 1.

17. asymp - 16 o-notation f(n) becomes insignificant relative to g(n) as n approaches infinity: lim [f(n) / g(n)] = 0 n  g(n) is an upper bound for f(n) that is not asymptotically tight. Observe the difference in this definition from previous ones. Why? o(g(n)) = {f(n):  c > 0,  n 0 > 0 such that  n  n 0, we have 0  f(n) < cg(n)}. For a given function g(n), the set little-o:

18. asymp - 17  (g(n)) = {f(n):  c > 0,  n 0 > 0 such that  n  n 0, we have 0  cg(n) < f(n)}.  -notation f(n) becomes arbitrarily large relative to g(n) as n approaches infinity: lim [f(n) / g(n)] = . n  g(n) is a lower bound for f(n) that is not asymptotically tight. For a given function g(n), the set little-omega:

19. asymp - 18 Comparison of Functions f  g  a  b f (n) = O(g(n))  a  b f (n) =  (g(n))  a  b f (n) =  (g(n))  a = b f (n) = o(g(n))  a < b f (n) =  (g(n))  a > b

20. asymp - 19 Limits  lim [f(n) / g(n)] = 0  f(n)   (g(n)) n   lim [f(n) / g(n)] <   f(n)   (g(n)) n   0 < lim [f(n) / g(n)] <   f(n)   (g(n)) n   0 < lim [f(n) / g(n)]  f(n)  (g(n)) n   lim [f(n) / g(n)] =   f(n)   (g(n)) n   lim [f(n) / g(n)] undefined  can’t say n 

21. asymp - 20 Properties  Transitivity f(n) =  (g(n)) & g(n) =  (h(n))  f(n) =  (h(n)) f(n) = O(g(n)) & g(n) = O(h(n))  f(n) = O(h(n)) f(n) =  (g(n)) & g(n) =  (h(n))  f(n) =  (h(n)) f(n) = o (g(n)) & g(n) = o (h(n))  f(n) = o (h(n)) f(n) =  (g(n)) & g(n) =  (h(n))  f(n) =  (h(n))  Reflexivity f(n) =  (f(n)) f(n) = O(f(n)) f(n) =  (f(n))

22. asymp - 21 Properties  Symmetry f(n) =  (g(n)) iff g(n) =  (f(n))  Complementarity f(n) = O(g(n)) iff g(n) =  (f(n)) f(n) = o(g(n)) iff g(n) =  ((f(n))

23. 13 February 2016 Common Functions

24. asymp - 23 Monotonicity  f(n) is  monotonically increasing if m  n  f(m)  f(n).  monotonically decreasing if m  n  f(m)  f(n).  strictly increasing if m < n  f(m) < f(n).  strictly decreasing if m > n  f(m) > f(n).

25. asymp - 24 Exponentials  Useful Identities:  Exponentials and polynomials

26. asymp - 25 Logarithms x = log b a is the exponent for a = b x. Natural log: ln a = log e a Binary log: lg a = log 2 a lg 2 a = (lg a) 2 lg lg a = lg (lg a)

27. asymp - 26 Logarithms and exponentials – Bases  If the base of a logarithm is changed from one constant to another, the value is altered by a constant factor.  Ex: log 10 n * log 2 10 = log 2 n.  Base of logarithm is not an issue in asymptotic notation.  Exponentials with different bases differ by a exponential factor (not a constant factor).  Ex: 2 n = (2/3) n *3 n.

28. asymp - 27 Polylogarithms  For a  0, b > 0, lim n  ( lg a n / n b ) = 0, so lg a n = o(n b ), and n b =  (lg a n )  Prove using L’Hopital’s rule repeatedly  lg(n!) =  (n lg n)  Prove using Stirling’s approximation (in the text) for lg(n!).

29. asymp - 28 Exercise Express functions in A in asymptotic notation using functions in B. A B 5n 2 + 100n 3n 2 + 2 A   (n 2 ), n 2   (B)  A   (B) log 3 (n 2 ) log 2 (n 3 ) log b a = log c a / log c b; A = 2lgn / lg3, B = 3lgn, A/B =2/(3lg3) n lg4 3 lg n a log b = b log a ; B =3 lg n =n lg 3 ; A/B =n lg(4/3)   as n  lg 2 n n 1/2 lim ( lg a n / n b ) = 0 (here a = 2 and b = 1/2)  A   (B) n  A   (B) A   (B) A   (B)

30. asymp - 29 THETOPPERSWAY.COM