1. Reading Quiz: NO notes What kind of animal is Boxer?
What kind of animal is Moses?
What phrase do the sheep constantly say throughout the novel?
What does Old Major’s dream represent (historically)?
Napoleon and Snowball represent who and who (historically)?
Why do the Hens try to rebel against Napoleon?
What does the farm hope to achieve by building the Windmill?
What events ultimately causes the animals to revolt against Jones?
a. Jones gets so drunk he forgets to feed the animals
b. Jones kills Old Major
c. Jones burns down the barn by accident
d. Jones forgets to milk the cows

2. Character and event parallels in Animal Farm
Old Major: Vladimir Lenin/Karl Marx, thinkers and leaders behind the Russian Revolution.
Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto in 1848.
Marx died in 1863.
Lenin espoused Marx’s message widely until his death in 1924.

3. Snowball: Leo Trotsky. Trotsky was one of the original Marxist revolutionaries.
But as Stalin rose to power he became one of Stalin's biggest enemies, and was eventually expelled from leadership in 1925.
Trotsky was not only exiled in body, he was also exiled from the minds of the Russian people.
He was denounced as a traitor and conspirator and in 1940 a Stalinist agent assassinated him in Mexico City.

4. Napoleon: Joseph Stalin
Napoleon: Joseph Stalin. Stalin was the second leader of the Soviet Union from (The novel seems to skip the short rule of Lenin).
Stalin was infamously cruel, ruled by terror and was responsible for up to 20 million Russian deaths.
Under his leadership the Soviet Union transformed from a peasant society to a military and industrial superpower.
Stalin aligned with the US and Britain during World War II.

5. Squealer: Pravda, a newspaper that worked as the propaganda news outlet during the majority of Stalin’s reign.
Boxer and Clover - Boxer represents the Proletariat or working class of Soviet Russia.
The horses are portrayed as being a dedicated worker, but as possessing a less-than-average intelligence, perhaps representative of the highly illiterate peasant population of Russia.
His personal motto was, "I will work harder!" The novel describes these horses as being the pig's "most faithful disciples" and that they "absorbed everything that they were told [by the pigs], and passed it on to the other animals by simple arguments”

6. Moses - The raven Moses symbolizes the Russian Orthodox Church.
Hens: Peasant Farmers. In Chapter seven, Napoleon calls for the hens to 'surrender their eggs'.
This is a reference to Stalin's attempt to collectivize the peasant farmers of Russia. The hens attempted to resist the order at first, just as the peasant farmers of the Ukraine.
But, just as in real life, they were eventually starved into submission. It is estimated that somewhere between 4 and 10 million Ukrainian peasants were starved to death by Stalin. 
Moses - The raven Moses symbolizes the Russian Orthodox Church.

7. Puppies: The military police and the KGB.
Mollie: Russian upper-class who sympathized with the Tsar and fled after the Revolution.
Mollie may have some symbolic connection to the White Army, those opposed to the Bolsheviks.
Puppies: The military police and the KGB.
Protect Stalin, prevent any uprisings against his leadership, and help to enforce his decrees.
Old Benjamin: The elder population of Russia, deeply cynical.
Little confidence in the change toward Communism. Highly intelligent.

8. Mr. and Mrs. Jones: Czar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra
Mr. and Mrs. Jones: Czar Nicholas II and his wife Alexandra. The last of the Romanov Czars.
Manor Farm: Old Russia, under the leadership of the Czars. A highly feudal system with all power held by the Czar family.
Animal Farm: Soviet Russia. (Russia after the Revolution).
Mr. Pilkington: Composite of leaders of England.

9. Mr. Frederick: Frederick is a composite of the leaders of Germany.
However, throughout most of the book, Frederick is likely a representation of Hitler.
Frederick had ''flogged an old horse to death, he had starved his cows, he had killed a dog by throwing it into the furnace, and that he amused himself in the evenings by making cocks fight with splinters of razor-blade tied to their spurs.'' (Euthanasia programs? Treatment of Jews?)

10. Mr. Whymper: Capitalists who did business with the Soviet state.
Battle of Cowshed: Bolshevik Revolution. The battle of the Czarists forces against the Bolsheviks, (the white vs. the red).
Windmill: Stalin's 'Five-Year plan'.
The 'Five-Year Plan' was supposed to improve Soviet industry and the proletariats' life by increasing production, allow the soviets to shorten the work-week and become independent from outside help.
Just like the windmill, Stalin's plan was a failure.
The destruction of the windmill is symbolic for the failure of the Five Year Plan.
Battle of the Windmill: Battle of Stalingrad - German Invasion of Russia During WWII. 

11. Confessions of the Animals, followed by executions by the Dogs: the Great Purge or the Great Terror ( ) was a campaign of political repression in which over 1000 executions occurred per day and over 1 million people were killed.
Meeting of the Pigs and Men: 1943 Tehran Conference between Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill. During this meeting the US and Western Europe made concessions to the Soviet Union.  

12. Discussion Questions:
Speculate on why Orwell made the reader sympathize with all the animals except the pigs, the most intelligent beasts and the closest to humans of any of the animals. Use text evidence to support your assertion.
How is Orwell’s Animal Farm an allegorical retelling of the end of feudalism and the rise and consolidation of communism in Russia? Use text evidence to support your assertion.
All seven commandments are eventually erased. What is the new commandment and how has it been true from the beginning? Use text evidence to support your assertion.
At the end of the novel, as the animals watch, the pigs begin to resemble the humans. What is significant about this moment in the novel. What message is Orwell trying to convey here? Use text evidence to support your assertion.

13. Summative
In-class short answer essay exam. Next