1. Traffic engineering Építés- és környezetföldtan 4. Engineering and Environmental Geology

2. Traffic engineering is a branch of civil engineering that uses engineering techniques to achieve the safe and efficient movement of people and goods on roadways. Traffic engineering deals with the functional part of transportation system, except the infrastructures provided. Traffic engineering is the application of technology and scientific principles to the planning, functional design, operation and management of facilities for any mode of transportation in order to provide for the safe, efficient, rapid, comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible movement of people and goods (transport).

3. 1. Road construction A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places, which has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by some conveyance, including a horse, cart, or motor vehicle. Roads consist of one, or sometimes two, roadways each with one or more lanes and also any associated sidewalks and road verges. Structure of the road (after SZAKOS 2012)

4. Bitumen wearing on road Highway Soil road Stabilized soil road

5. Earthwork The term "earthwork" is applied to all the operations performed in the making of excavations and embankments. In its widest sense it comprehends work in rock as well as in the looser materials of the earth's crust. In the construction of new roads, the formation of the roadbed consists in bringing the surface of the ground to the adopted grade. Making earthwork

6. Foundations The covering usually consists of two parts: a foundation, and a wearing surface. The functions of the foundation are as follows: 1) to protect the soil from disturbance and the injurious effects of surface water; 2) to transmit to and distribute over a sufficiently large area of the soil the weight of the loads imposed upon the wearing coat; 3) to support unyieldingly the wearing surface and the loads coming upon it. Road filling eith crushed gravel

7. Wearing surfaces The office of the wearing surface is to protect the foundation from the wear of the traffic and the effects of surface water, and to support the weight of the traffic and transmit it to the foundation. The wearing surfaces most commonly employed for roads and streets are composed of: 1) gravel, broken stone, furnace slag, and similar granular materials bound with colloidal cement formed by the action of water on the plastic elements of rock and clay; 2) broken stone, gravel, and sand bound with: a) bituminous cement; b) hydraulic cement; 3) stone blocks; 4) brick; 5) wood blocks. Making pavement with hot bitumen

8. Relief-equalizer structures Tunnels A tunnel is an underground passageway, completely enclosed except for openings for entrance and exit, commonly at each end. A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for rail traffic, or for a canal. There are three basic types of tunnel construction in common use: Cut-and-cover tunnels, constructed in a shallow trench and then covered over. Bored tunnels, constructed in situ, without removing the ground above. Immersed tube tunnels, sunk into a body of water and sit on, or are buried just under, its bed. Bridges A bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. There are many different designs that all serve unique purposes and apply to different situations.

9. 2. Railroad construction Track bed and foundation Railroad tracks are generally laid on a bed of stone track ballast or track bed, in turn is supported by prepared earthworks known as the track formation. The formation comprises the subgrade and a layer of sand or stone dust, known as the blanket, which restricts the upward migration of wet clay or silt. This may also be layers of waterproof fabric to prevent water penetrating to the subgrade. The track and ballast form the permanent way. Laying a permanent way

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