1. Theoretical Foundations of Transcultural Nursing
Chapter 1:
Theoretical Foundations of Transcultural Nursing

2. Transcultural Nursing
The blending of nursing and anthropology into an area of specialization within the discipline of nursing
Conceptualized by Dr. Leininger
A formal area of study that uses the concepts of culture and caring

3. Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
Transcultural nursing (TCN) is a nursing specialty focused on the comparative study and analysis of cultures and subcultures.
It examines these groups with respect to their:
Caring behavior
Nursing care
Health–illness values and beliefs
Patterns of behavior

4. Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
Transcultural nursing’s goal is to:
Develop a scientific and humanistic body of knowledge in order to provide nursing care that is both
Culture specific
Culture universal

5. Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
Culture-specific refers to:
Particular values, beliefs, and patterns of behavior that tend to be special or unique to a group and do not tend to be shared with members of other cultures
Culture-universal refers to:
The commonly shared values, norms of behavior, and life patterns that are similarly held among cultures about human behavior and lifestyles

6. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Methods, rules, guidelines, and patterns of behavior about food practices can be described as culture-specific.

7. Answer True Rationale: The need for food is a culture-universal.
Culture-specific determines methods, rules, guidelines, and patterns of behavior. For example, items that are considered to be edible; acceptable methods used to prepare and eat meals; rules concerning who eats with whom, the frequency of meals, etc.

8. Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
Anthropology:
The study of humans including their:
Origins
Behavior
Social relationships
Physical and mental characteristics
Customs
Development through time and in all places in the world

9. Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
Culture (as defined by Leininger) the “learned, shared, and transmitted values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways of a particular group of people that guide thinking, decisions, and actions in a patterned way…
Culture is the blueprint that provides the broadest and most comprehensive means to know, explain, and predict people’s lifeways over time and in different geographic locations.”

10. Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
Influences a person’s definition of health and illness
Oftentimes connotes a person’s racial or ethnic background. Culture also encompasses:
Socioeconomic status
Ability or disability
Sexual orientation
Age
Occupation or profession

11. Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
Ethnicity
The perception of oneself and a sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group or groups. It can also mean feeling that one does not belong to any group because of multiethnicity.
Currently five classifications; however, some people may identify with more than one ethnicity/race.

12. Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
Race
Refers to a group of people who share such genetically transmitted traits as skin color, hair texture, and eye shape or color.
Races are arbitrary classifications that lack definitional clarity; all cultures have their own ways of categorizing or classifying their members.

13. Historical and Theoretical Foundations of Transcultural Nursing
Dr. Madeleine M. Leininger, nurse anthropologist
Initial conception in the 1950s
Formal creation as a specialty and new discipline within the profession in the 1960s−1970s
Nurse scholars have generated a substantial and important body of theoretical, research, and evidence- based knowledge in TCN, which is ongoing.

14. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Transcultural nursing has been formally considered a nursing specialty since 2000.

15. Answer
False
Rationale: Transcultural nursing was formally considered as a specialty and new discipline within the profession in the 1960s and 1970s.

16. Leininger’s Contribution to Transcultural Nursing
Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality
Focuses on describing, explaining, and predicting nursing similarities and differences focused primarily on human care and caring in human cultures
Sunrise Enabler
Visual representation of the concepts of her theory. Based on the concept of cultural care that guides nursing judgments and activities to provide culturally congruent care

17. Leininger’s Sunrise Enabler

18. Leininger’s Contribution to Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
Established the Transcultural Nursing Society (TCNS)
TCNS Newsletter
Created the Journal of Transcultural Nursing (JTN) and served as founding editor
Established the first master’s and doctoral programs in nursing with a theoretical and research focus in TCN
Created a new qualitative research method called enthnonursing research to investigate phenomena of interest in TCN

19. Question Is the following statement true or false?
Dr. Madeleine M. Leininger authored both conceptual frameworks, the Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and the Sunrise Model.

20. Answer
True
Rationale: Dr. Madeleine M. Leininger is credited with authoring both of these conceptual frameworks related to transcultural nursing.

21. Advancements in Transcultural Nursing
Expanded models by nursing scholars:
Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model
Purnell Model for Cultural Competence
Campinha-Bacote Model of Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services

22. Advancements in Transcultural Nursing (cont.)
The Core Curriculum has been established to support TCN practice with a core base of knowledge.
Used in a variety of practice settings.
Two certifications offered in TCN, basic and advanced.

23. Andrews/Boyle Transcultural Interprofessional Practice (TIP) Model
A new model, uses the scientific process for delivering culturally congruent, quality care to people from diverse backgrounds across the life span
Facilitates the delivery of nursing and health care consistent with cultural beliefs and practices of clients from diverse backgrounds
Provides a conceptual framework to guide nurses in the delivery of culturally congruent care that is theoretically sound

24. TIP Model (cont.)
Components of the model; the context from which people's health-related values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices emerge:
Interprofessional Health Care Team
Communication
Problem Solving

25. TIP Model (cont.) Interprofessional Health Care Team
Client at its core
May also include: Family and support persons, other healthcare personnel, traditional, folk and religious healers
All providers working together to deliver the highest quality of care
A partnership among client and providers that establishes trust, collaboration, cooperation, and communication

26. TIP Model (cont.) Communication
Verbal—spoken word, language (over 6,000 worldwide), tone of voice, abbreviations, idioms
Nonverbal—how people convey meaning without words. Facial expressions, gestures, posture, physical distance, silence, eye contact
Mixed—modesty, technology assisted

27. TIP Model (cont.) Problem solving
Guides health care teams in determining what the client needs to obtain optimal well-being and health.
Comprehensive assessment skills
Mutual goal setting
Planning care
Implementing care
Evaluation of care to achieve the goals of:
Culturally congruent, competent, quality care based on evidence and best practice

28. TIP Model (cont.)

29. TIP Model (cont.)
Proficiency in using the problem-solving process requires time and repeated simulated and/or clinical experiences.
Developing competence is uneven and nonlinear, as is the process of developing cultural competence.

30. Question Which of the following is an example of verbal communication?
Avoiding eye contact
Nodding to convey understanding
Speaking another language
Arms folded and legs crossed

31. Answer C. Speaking another language
Rationale: Speaking another language is a verbal communication method. This is an example of the spoken word versus nonverbal communication, which is conveying meaning without words.