1. Process Kinetics Lecture 1 Mahesh Bule 4/27/2017
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2. Introduction to Processes in Biofuel
4/27/2017
Introduction to Processes in Biofuel
Heterotrophic and phototrophic pathway for biofuel production
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3. Important Process and Its Kinetics
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Fermentation of soluble sugar
Downstream e.g. extraction, purification etc.

4. Enzyme Kinetics Enzymes are the agents of saccharification process
What we want to be able to determine:
– Maximum velocity
– Substrate affinity
– Inhibitor affinity
What it can tell us:
– Utilization of substrates
• What can we do with the information:
– Control and manipulate process

5. Enzyme Kinetics Basics
Enzyme kinetics studies the reaction rates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and how the rates are affected by changes in experimental conditions
An essential feature of enzyme-catalyzed reactions is saturation: at increasing concentrations of substrates the rate increases and approaches a limit where there is no dependence of rate on concentration

6. Consideration of Enzyme Kinetics
Conformation of proteins and positions of side chains are important for enzyme-substrate interactions and catalysis.
Forces involved in protein folding and structure are also involved in catalysis- enzyme-substrate specificity
To use enzymes in biotechnology NEED TO KNOW KINETIC PARAMETERS OF THE ENZYME REACTION.
We may want enzymes that WORK FAST- convert more substrate in a fixed unit of time. To do this optimization we have to perform and analyze the enzyme catalyzed reaction.
You can adjust pH, temperature and add co-factors to optimize enzyme activity.
You cannot adjust substrate selectivity.
Just like chemical reactions, enzyme catalyzed reactions have kinetics and rates
Reaction kinetics is Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

7. Important things to study
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
Interpretations and uses of the Michaelis- Menten equation
Enzyme inhibitors: types and kinetics

8. Enzyme-substrate cycle

9. Enzyme Kinetics Equation

10. Michaelis-Menten Equation

11. Initial Velocity (vo) and [S]
The concentration of substrate [S] present will greatly influence the rate of product formation, termed the velocity (v) of a reaction. Studying the effects of [S] on the velocity of a reaction is complicated by the reversibility of enzyme reactions, e.g. conversion of product back to substrate.
To overcome this problem, the use of initial velocity (vo) measurements are used. At the start of a reaction, [S] is in large excess of [P], thus the initial velocity of the reaction will be dependent on substrate concentration

12. Michaelis-Menten Curve

13. Substrate Saturation of an Enzyme
A. Low [S] B. 50% [S] or Km C. High, saturating [S]

14. Steady State Assumption
The M-M equation was derived in part by making several assumptions. An important one was: the concentration of substrate must be much greater than the enzyme concentration.
In the situation where [S] >> [E] and at initial velocity rates, it is assumed that the changes in the concentration of the intermediate ES complex are very small over time (vo). This condition is termed a steady-state rate, and is referred to as steady-state kinetics. Therefore, it follows that the rate of ES formation will be equal to the rate ES breakdown.

15. Michaelis-Menten Equation Derivation
Rate of ES formation = k1([ET] - [ES])[S] (where [ET] is total concentration of enzyme E and k-2 is considered neglible)
Rate of ES breakdown to product = k-1[ES] + k2[ES]

16. Michaelis-Menten Equation Derivation (cont)
Thus for the steady state assumption:
k1([ET] - [ES])[S] = k-1[ES] + k2[ES]
This equation is the basis for the final Michaelis-Menten following algebraic rearrangement and substitution of Km and Vmax terms.

17. [S] V0 = Vmax [S]+Km k-1 + k2 Km= k1 When V0=Vmax, Km= [S]
Vmax and Km
[S]
V0 = Vmax
[S]+Km
k-1 + k2
Km= k1
When V0=Vmax, Km= [S]
Km is unique to each Enzyme and Substrate. It describes properties of enzyme-substrate interactions
Independent of enzyme conc. Dependent on temp, pH etc.
Vmax is maximal velocity POSSIBLE. It is directly dependent on enzyme conc. It is attained when all of the enzyme binds the substrate. (Since these are equilibrium reactions enzymes tend towards Vmax at high substrate conc but Vmax is never achieved. So it is difficult to measure).
When an enzyme is operating at Vmax, all enzyme is bound to substrate and adding more substrate will not change rate of reaction (enzyme is saturated). (adding more enzyme will change the reaction).

18. Important Conclusions of Michaels - Menten Kinetics
when [S]= KM, the equation reduces to
when [S] >> KM, the equation reduces to
when [S] << KM, the equation reduces to

19. Measuring Km and Vmax
[Substrate] vo
Vmax
1/vo
1/Vmax
-1/Km
1/[S]
You can use a curve fitting algorithm to determine Km and Vmax from a V vs [S] plot (need a computer)
Reaction rates are initial rates determined when the substrate is in vast excess and isn’t changing much.
Alternatively you can convert the curve to a straight line via a double reciprocal plot (1/Vmax and 1/[S])

20. Lineweaver – Burk Double Reciprocal Plots
The Michaelis-Menten equation can be recast into a linear form
To obtain parameters of interest
Reciprocal form of equation
1 = Km
V Vmax S Vmax
Y= m x b
The y-intercept gives the Vmax value and the slope gives Km/Vmax
Vmax is determined by the point where the line crosses the 1/Vi = 0 axis (so the [S] is infinite).
Km equals Vmax times the slope of line. This is easily determined from the intercept on the X axis.

21. Significance of Km and Vmax
Km is [S] at 1/2 Vmax
It is a constant for a given enzyme at a particular temp and pressure
It is an estimate of equilibrium constant for substrate binding to enzyme
Small Km= tight binding, large Km=weak binding
It is a measure of substrate concentration required for effective catalysis
Vmax is THEORETICAL MAXIMAL VELOCITY
Vmax is constant for a given enzyme
To reach Vmax, ALL enzyme molecules have to be bound by substrate
Kcat is a measure of catalytic activity- direct measure of production of product under saturating conditions.
Kcat is turnover number- number of substrate molecules converted to product per enzyme molecule per unit time
Catalytic efficiency = kcat/km
Allows comparison of effectiveness of an enzyme for different substrates

22. A Hypothetical reaction
FIGURE 6-5 An imaginary enzyme (stickase) designed to catalyze breakage of a metal stick. (a) Before the stick is broken, it must first be bent (the transition state). In both stickase examples, magnetic interactions take the place of weak bonding interactions between enzyme and substrate. (b) A stickase with a magnet-lined pocket complementary in structure to the stick (the substrate) stabilizes the substrate. Bending is impeded by the magnetic attraction between stick and stickase. (c) An enzyme with a pocket complementary to the reaction transition state helps to destabilize the stick, contributing to catalysis of the reaction. The binding energy of the magnetic interactions compensates for the increase in free energy required to bend the stick. Reaction coordinate diagrams (right) show the energy consequences of complementarity to substrate versus complementarity to transition state (EP complexes are omitted). ΔGM, the difference between the transition-state energies of the uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions, is contributed by the magnetic interactions between the stick and stickase. When the enzyme is complementary to the substrate (b), the ES complex is more stable and has less free energy in the ground state than substrate alone. The result is an increase in the activation energy.

23. Lock/Key or Induced Fit

24. Lock/Key- Complementary shape
FIGURE 6-4 Complementary shapes of a substrate and its binding site on an enzyme. The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase with its substrate NADP+ (red), unbound (top) and bound (bottom); another bound substrate, tetrahydrofolate (yellow), is also visible (PDB ID 1RA2). In this model, the NADP+ binds to a pocket that is complementary to it in shape and ionic properties, an illustration of Emil Fischer's "lock and key" hypothesis of enzyme action. In reality, the complementarity between protein and ligand (in this case substrate) is rarely perfect, as we saw in Chapter 5.
The enzyme dihydrofolate reductase with its substrate NADP+
NADP+ binds to a pocket that is complementary to it in shape and ionic properties, an illustration of "lock and key" hypothesis of enzyme action. In reality, the complementarity between protein and ligand (in this case substrate) is rarely perfect,

25. Induced Fit
Hexokinase has a U-shaped structure (PDB ID 2YHX). The ends pinch toward each other in a conformational change induced by binding of D-glucose (red).

26. Substrate specificity
The specific attachment of a prochiral center (C) to an enzyme binding site permits enzyme to differentiate between prochiral grps

27. Enzyme-substrate
FIGURE 6-1 Binding of a substrate to an enzyme at the active site. The enzyme chymotrypsin, with bound substrate in red (PDB ID 7GCH). Some key active-site amino acid residues appear as a red splotch on the enzyme surface.

28. Enzyme Inhibition E S
E + S P E
E + P S E ES P E EP

29. Competitive Inhibition
[Substrate] vo
Vmax
-Inh
+inh
1/2 Vmax Km
(app)
Inhibitor competes with substrates for binding to active site
Inhibitor is similar in structure to substrate, binds more strongly, reacts more slowly
Increasing [I] increases [EI] and reduces [E] that is available for substrate binding
Need to constantly keep [I] high for effective inhibition (cannot be metabolized away in body)
Slope is larger (multiplied by a)
Intercept does not change (Vmax is the same)
KM is larger (multiplied by a)
+Inh
-Inh
-1/Km
-1/Km (app)
1/Vmax
1/v
1/[S]

30. Competitive Inhibition
Unimolecular
Reaction
Bimolecular

31. Uncompetitive Inhibition
Binds only to ES complex but not free enzyme
Binds at location other than active site
Does not look like substrate. Binding of inhibitor distorts active site thus preventing substrate binding and catalysis
Cannot be competed away by increasing conc of substrate (Vmax is affected by [I])
Increasing [I] lowers Vmax and lowers Km.
Increasing [I]
Lowers Vmax (y-intercept increases)
Lowers KM (x-intercept decreases)
Ratio of KM/Vmax is the same (slope)

32. Uncompetitive Inhibition

33. Mixed or Non Competitive Inhibition
Inhibitor binds E or ES
Increasing [I]
Lowers Vmax (y-intercept increases)
Raises KM (x-intercept increases)
Ratio of KM/Vmax is not the same (slope changes)

34. Reversible Inhibition (non-competitive)
A inhibitor binds the enzyme but not in its active site. It affects the Kcat because substrate can still bind the active site.
Rate of catalysis is affected
+Inh
1/v
Vmax
-Inh
-Inh
1/Vmax
(app)
Vmax
(app)_
+inh vo
1/2 Vmax
1/2 Vmax
(app)
1/Vmax
-1/Km
1/[S] Km Km
(app)
[Substrate]
Vmax is decreased proportional to inhibitor conc

35. Mixed Inhibition

36. Kinetic modeling for enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated creeping wild Ryegrass
Refer article: Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol 102, No. 6, 2009, Page

43. Homework: Reproduce model using Matlab