2. AP Biology Community Ecology population ecosystem community biosphere organism

3. AP Biology What is Community Ecology?  Community is all the organisms that live together in a specific place  Community Ecology  study of interactions among all populations in a common environment In what way do the populations interact?

4. AP Biology 4 Interspecific Interactions 1. competition 2. predation 3. herbivory 4. symbiosis

5. AP Biology 1. Competition  Occurs for both biotic & abiotic factors  each organism has a niche (ecological role) Competitive Exclusion When a species out competes another species for resources and the excluding species does not reach its potential niche. Competitive Exclusion When a species out competes another species for resources and the excluding species does not reach its potential niche.

6. AP Biology 2. Predation drives evolution  Predators adaptations  locate & subdue prey  Prey adaptations  elude & defend spines, thorns, toxins horns, speed, coloration Predation provides a strong selection pressure on both prey & predator

7. AP Biology Mechanical Defenses  Camouflage (cryptic coloration) whipporwill lizard toad lizard frog

8. AP Biology Aposematic Coloration  warning coloration black, red, orange & yellow means: DON’T EAT ME!

9. AP Biology Mimicry A palatable or harmless species mimics a harmful model Hawkmoth larva puffs up to look like a venomous snake Batesian mimicry hawkmoth larvae green parrot snake

10. AP Biology Batesian Mimicry Monarch male poisonous Viceroy male edible

11. AP Biology Mullerian Mimicry yellow jacket cuckoo bee Mimicry in which 2 unpalatable species inhabit same community and mimic each other

12. AP Biology Which Mimicry? Coral snake is venomous King snake is not Red on yellow, poison fellow; red on black, safe from attack

13. AP Biology Venomous vs. Poisonous

14. AP Biology Chemical Defenses

15. AP Biology 3. Herbivory

16. AP Biology commensalism 4. Symbiosis mutualism …not very funny for a clown fish +/0 +/+ parasitism +/-

17. AP Biology Why is Species diversity important? greater diversity = greater stability  Greater biodiversity offers:  more food resources  more habitats  more resilience in face of environmental change

18. AP Biology  Organism with influential ecological role  exert important regulating effect on other species in community  Keystone species increases diversity in habitat What is a Keystone species?

19. AP Biology Keystone species

20. AP Biology What kind of defense? Any questions? Well that just stinks then