1. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Types of Information Systems  Knowledge-based system  uses knowledge-based techniques that supports decision-making and is capable of cooperating with users of information systems  Transaction Processing Systems Management Information Systems Expert Systems Executive Information Systems or Artificial Intelligence Decision Support Systems

2. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Transaction Processing System  transaction processing system was one of the systems that many organizations were using in the first generation Payroll system was the first transaction processing system Features of TPS  Rapid response Reliability Inflexibility Controlled processing  Methods of TPS  Batch processing On-line or Real-time processing or On-line transaction processing (OLTP) On-line entry with delayed processing

3. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Management Information Systems  an integrated computer system for business and other organizations that collects and analyzes information from all departments to support operations, management and decision- making functions Outputs of MIS  Scheduled reports Key-indicator reports Demand reports Exception reports

4. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Database Management Systems (DBMS)  collection of computer programs that allow users to store, modify and extract information from a database  database - a systematic collection of related information organized in such a way that a computer program can quickly select desired pieces of information field - a single piece of information record - one complete set of fields file - a collection of records

5. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Database Management Systems (DBMS)

6. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Database Management Systems (DBMS)  Example of a file, record, and field

7. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Database Management Systems (DBMS)  Query Language is a specialized language that allows users to request information from the database SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language) Benefits of DBMS  Customer Details Database Business Sales Database Database Inventory Searchable Database Confidential Information Databases

8. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Database Management Systems (DBMS) Hierarchical Database

9. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Database Management Systems (DBMS) Network Database

10. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Database Management Systems (DBMS)  Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS)  based on a relational model developed by E. F. Codd data and relations are organized in tables a table is a collection of records and each record in a table contains the same fields certain fields may be designated as keys, such that when searching for a particular field, the keys will serve as indices to speed up the search

11. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Database Management Systems  Characteristics of Good Database Management System  atomicity consistency isolation durability

12. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Expert Systems  It contain knowledge-base containing accumulated experience and set of rules Advantages  used for solving the difficult problems, usually those that require high levels of expertise on the part of human problem solvers provide increased consistency and standardization of the techniques used in solving the problem different analysts using the same program will obtain the same results suitable for problems that involves diagnosis, design and interpretation

13. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Expert Systems  Applications  medical diagnosis chemical analysis genetics geology computer fault diagnosis VLSI design software development and debugging configuring computer systems financial analysis education

14. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Expert Systems Rule-based Expert System Architecture

15. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Expert Systems  Guidelines  the need for a solution must justify the costs involved in development human expertise is not available in all situations where it is needed the problem may be solved using symbolic reasoning techniques the problem is well-structured and does not require (much) common sense knowledge the problem cannot be easily solved using more traditional computing methods cooperative and articulate experts exist the problem is of proper size and scope

16. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Expert Systems  This example will identify if a certain Norwegian coin is 20 Kroner, 5 Kroner or 1 Kroner. 1. 2. Identify the variables SIZE COLOR DECORATION Assign the range of values for each variable SIZE Diameter is > 25 mm Diameter is < 25 mm COLOR Silver Bronze DECORATION Head Crown Ship Lion

17. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Expert Systems 3. The rules are constructed based on the combination of attributes  RULES:  IF SIZE > 25 mm and COLOR is Bronze and DECORATION is Ship then coin is 20 Kroner IF SIZE < 25 mm and COLOR is Silver and DECORATION is Crown then coin is 1 Kroner IF SIZE > 25 mm and COLOR is silver and DCORATION is Lion then coin is 5 Kroner

18. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Executive Information Systems  a tool that provides direct on-line access to relevant information in a useful and navigable format differ from other traditional information systems in several ways  specifically tailored to the executive’s needs able to access data about the specific issues and problems as well as aggregate results provide extensive on-line analysis, tools including trend analysis and exception reporting capability access a broad range of internal and external data particularly easy to use, either mouse driven or touch screen used directly by executives without assistance present information in a graphical form

19. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Executive Information Systems (EIS)  Purpose  to support managerial learning about an organization, its work process, and its interaction with the external environment to allow timely access information to direct management attention to specific areas of the organization or specific business problems

20. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Executive Information Systems (EIS)  Guidelines  EIS measures must be easy to understand. EIS measures must be based on a balanced view of the organization’s objectives. Performance indicators in an EIS must reflect everyone’s contribution in a fair and consistent manner. EIS measures must encourage management and staff to share ownership of the organization’s objectives. EIS information must be available to everyone in the organization. EIS measures must evolve to meet the changing needs of the organization.

21. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Executive Information Systems (EIS)  Characteristics of an EIS  Ease of use Offer a wide range of computing resources Handle a variety of internal and external, both hard and soft Perform sophisticated data analysis Offer a high degree of specialization Provide flexibility Provide comprehensive communications abilities Support all aspects of decision making

22. Basic Computer Concepts Decision Support Systems  “Management Decision Systems” interactive computer-based system for informing and supporting decision-makers typical information that a decision support system might gather and present would be:  comparative sales figures projected revenue figures based on new product sales assumptions consequences of different decision alternatives, given past experiences in a context that is described

23. Types of Information Systems Basic Computer Concepts Decision Support Systems  Characteristics of a Decision Support Systems  Handle large amounts of data Obtain and process from different sources Provide report and presentation flexibility Have both textual and graphical orientation Perform complex, sophisticated analysis and comparisons using advanced software packages Support optimization, satisfying, and heuristic approaches Perform “what-if” and goal-seeking analysis