2. Unit 5 Natural Resources

3. What are Resources? Resources are available material goods, or sources of wealth, that benefit and fulfill the needs of a community. There are THREE necessary conditions that must be met in order for naturally occurring material to be considered a resource…

4. These three conditions are: 1. Need or Want ~ A culture must have a need or a want for the natural material itself or things requiring the natural material. Ex: People desire gold (a natural resource) itself for its aesthetic value.

5. These three conditions are: 2. Technological Development ~ A culture must have technological capabilities to extract and develop the natural material. Ex: the oil off the coast of NL was not a resource until we developed the capability to extract it.

6. These three conditions are: 3. Profitability ~ A culture must be able to make a profit from the material. ~ If the cost of extracting and producing is too high it is not profitable! If there is no desire for the natural material it will not sell and is not profitable.

7. How culture affects resources Example – Sea Urchins - Asia had the "want" as a desired food source. We have developed the harvesting "technology" because the demand was there. It is "profitable" due to inexpensive technology and high demand. - Consequently all three conditions were met and sea urchins became a resource.

8. The Fishery Topic 1 The Fishery

10. What types of species live in the Ocean?

11. Phytoplankton: Microscopic, single-celled plant organisms that live in the top layer of the ocean waters where sunlight can shine through easily. Zooplankton: Microscopic, single-celled animal organisms that live in the top layer of ocean waters.

12. Identify a Food Chain Phytoplankton Zooplankton Salmon Puffin Fox What would happen if a species was removed?

13. Continental Shelf: A gently sloping area extending from the low-water line to the depth of a marked increase in slope around the margin of a continent. Habitat: The natural environment where organisms live successfully.

14. Fishing Banks: A shallow area on the continental shelf that provides a feeding and spawning ground for fish. NOTE: Phytoplankton thrive here because the cold, nutrient-rich water is located at the surface where sunlight can easily penetrate through.

15. Fish Habitats in Canada

16. Commercial Fishing Definition: This is fishing with the purpose of selling the catch. Commercial fishing makes up about 0.5% of the total value of Canada’s economy. In parts of the Atlantic Coast and the Pacific Coast commercial fishing is the foundation of the economy and is the basis of a traditional way of life.

17. Commercial Fishing Commercial fishing occurs primarily in three areas: 1. East Coast 2. West Coast 3. Larger, inland water bodies

18. Two Fish Habitats in Canada 1.Canadian Atlantic Coast 2.Canadian Pacific Coast ~ Each of these areas have a variety of reasons which make it suitable as a fish habitat …

19. Atlantic Canada

20. Suitability for Fish Habitats 1.Canadian Atlantic Coast (Pg. 264) It is located on a continental shelf. This shelf has very shallow areas called banks. These banks allow sunlight to shine through. Nutrients are available, hence phytoplankton is present. This area experiences turbulence, due to a cold ocean current (Labrador current) meeting with a warm ocean current (Gulf Stream current). Also water turbulence stirs up the nutrients.

22. Canada’s Pacific Coast

23. Suitability for Fish Habitats 2.Canadian Pacific Coast (Pg. 268) This fishery has a higher market value than those on the east coast. Many of the rivers located in British Columbia flow out into the ocean where a cold and warm ocean current meet. These rivers help add nutrients to the ocean waters. These rivers also help Salmon migrate to the ocean, where they will be fished. The most valuable salmon type, is called Sockeye, and catch is 60 times larger in this area.

26. Comparing the Atlantic Fishery & the Pacific Fishery Atlantic Fishery –Species caught (cod, herring, lobster, crab, flounder, mackerel, clams…). –179,000 people are employed. –This region has 80% of Canada’s total landings. –Most value comes form lobster, crab, shrimp and scallop. –Export values are $3.4 billion. –The technology used includes: boats, trawl nets, lobster pots, crab pots, gill nets, hooks and lines.

28. Comparing the Atlantic Fishery & the Pacific Fishery Pacific Fishery –Species caught (cod, salmon, herring, halibut). –17,385 people are employed. –This region has 16% of Canada’s total landing. –Most value comes from salmon, clams, groundfish, and herring roe. –Higher market value compared to East coast. –The technology used includes: boats, gill nets, hooks and lines, draw-purse nets, beach nets, purse seines.

30. Two Types of Fishery (Pg. 265) 1.Inshore Fishery Boats remain within 16-20 km of shore and return home every day during warmer months. Boats are small (5-20m in length) with fixed gear and independently owned and operated. Boat crews consists of 1-3 people. Income is low and irregular, and fisherman usually collect unemployment insurance in the offseason. These fisherman are self-employed, and market and sell their own catch.

31. 2.Offshore Fishery Boats fish to edges of continental shelf, up to 350km from shore. Boats stay out to sea for 2-3 weeks or longer before returning home and fish all year long. Boats are large (20-50m in length), with the latest technology and equipment (usually mobile fish nets). Boat crews consists of 12-16 people. Fisherman obtain a steady income. Boats are owned and operated by large companies that catch, process, and market the fish.

32. Fisheries Management There are a number of issues related to the fishery that require management. Pollution and conservation of fish stocks top the list.

33. Major Sources of Ocean Pollution Oil Oceans suffer from many devastating spills. Hundreds of millions of gallons of oil quietly end up in the seas every year, mostly from non-accidental sources.

35. Major Sources of Ocean Pollution Toxic Material Industrial, agricultural, household cleaning, gardening, and automotive products regularly end up in water. EX: TBT, or tributyl tin, is added to boat paints to kill or repel barnacles and other troubling organisms that soil ships' hulls.

36. Major Sources of Ocean Pollution Dangerous Debris When trash, particularly plastics, end up in the sea, they pose hazards to marine life. Animals drown or strangle from getting tangled in discarded or lost fishing gear, or suffer and even die from eating plastics and other garbage.

38. Major Sources of Ocean Pollution Deposits & Withdrawals Humans have used oceans as vast dumps for domestic, municipal, and industrial garbage for thousands of years. The enormous deep-sea resources will undoubtedly attract more miners in the future, as easy-to-reach deposits on land are depleted.

40. Impact of New Technology on the Ocean Environment (Pg. 206) Factory freezer Trawlers ~ have likely had the most significant and negative impact.

41. The reasons for this include: 1.Highly efficient at catching fish, but greatly reduces the population & reproduction. 2.Large diesel engines, echo sounding equipment, onboard freezers, and GPS navigation contribute to their efficiency. 3.Destruction of the ocean floor by trawls/draggers eliminates good spawning locations for fish. Also, it disperses eggs, making fertilization more difficult.

42. 4.By-catch is often discarded. Some regulations require ships to return with low levels of by catch. 5.Traveling great distances and being able to stay at sea for long periods allows trawlers from all over the world to come together in good fishing areas. This puts added pressure on the fish stock.

43. Sustainable Fishery Definition: Using a resources such as the ocean species in a way that will ensure they will not become extinct, but will be protected to increase for the benefit of future generations.

44. Strategies for a Sustainable Fishery Have knowledge about sustaining the fishery. Human attitudes must change. People need to understand the long-term wellbeing of the resource. Decrease consumption and world’s population. Extend legal jurisdictions. Try to prevent foreign fishing. Other…Can YOU identify any????????????????? technology, catch techniques, pollution, aquaculture.

45. Depletion of cod stocks Fish is a renewable resource, and that renewable resources must be managed properly. Fish can be harvested forever if the number caught each year does not exceed the number reaching maturity in that year.

46. Why the collapse? Five major conditions responsible for the collapse: 1.Overfishing 2.Improved Fishing Technology 3.Uncontrolled Foreign Fishing 4.Destructive Fishing Practices 5.Changes in Natural Conditions

47. Aquaculture : It is also known as fish farming and involves the raising of marine life in a controlled environment. Hence, this activity breeds and raises fish in tanks, ponds, and reservoirs. ~ Since the fish are fed regularly and are safe from natural predators, they mature rapidly and successfully.

48. Aquaculture CASE STUDY “Aquaculture: The Future of The Fishing Industry” (Pg. 273-275) Complete Questions:

49. How do Canadians use resources in the ocean Many species sold fresh to restaurants (to be eaten). Most species like cod & salmon are gutted, filleted and the meat is eaten. Capelin are eaten whole Some species like sturgeon & lump fish & sea urchins the eggs are extracted (roe or caviar).

50. How do Canadians use resources in the ocean Cod, haddock & Pollock are processed into fish sticks, fish cakes, imitation crab legs/meat.

52. How do Canadians use resources in the ocean Cod, haddock & Pollock are processed into fish sticks, fish cakes, imitation crab legs/meat. Some species are used in cat food Cod and many others have oil extracted from them for medicinal purposes, vitamin & minerals. Bait for other species