1. Modern Evolutionary Biology I. Population Genetics A. Overview B. The Genetic Structure of a Population C. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Model D. Deviations From HWE: 1. Mutation 2. Migration 3. Non-Random Mating: 4. Populations of Finite Size and Sampling Error - "Genetic Drift" 5. Natural Selection 1. Fitness Components:

2. D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: Fitness = The mean number of reproducing offspring / genotype - probability of surviving to reproductive age - number of offspring - probability that offspring survive to reproductive age

3. D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: Fitness = The mean number of reproducing offspring / genotype - probability of surviving to reproductive age - number of offspring - probability that offspring survive to reproductive age 2. Constraints: i. finite energy budgets and necessary trade-offs:

4. D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: Fitness = The mean number of reproducing offspring / genotype - probability of surviving to reproductive age - number of offspring - probability that offspring survive to reproductive age 2. Constraints: i. finite energy budgets and necessary trade-offs: GROWTH METABOLISM REPRODUCTION

5. Maximize probability of survival GROWTH METABOLISM REPRODUCTION GROWTH METABOLISM REPRODUCTION Maximize reproduction D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: 2. Constraints: i.finite energy budgets and necessary trade-offs: TRADE OFF #1: Survival vs. Reproduction

6. METABOLISM REPRODUCTION Lots of small, low prob of survival A few large, high prob of survival D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: 2. Constraints: i.finite energy budgets and necessary trade-offs: TRADE OFF #1: Survival vs. Reproduction TRADE OFF #2: Lots of small offspring vs. few large offspring

7. D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: 2. Constraints: i.finite energy budgets and necessary trade-offs: ii.Contradictory selective pressures: Leaf Size Photosynthetic potential Water Retention

8. D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: 2. Constraints: i.finite energy budgets and necessary trade-offs: ii.Contradictory selective pressures: Leaf Size Photosynthetic potential Water Retention Rainforest understory – dark, wet Big leaves adaptive

9. D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: 2. Constraints: i.finite energy budgets and necessary trade-offs: ii.Contradictory selective pressures: Leaf Size Photosynthetic potential Water Retention Desert – sunny, dry Small leaves adaptive

10. D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: 2.Constraints: 3.Modeling Selection: a. Calculating relative fitness p = 0.4, q = 0.6AAAaaa Parental "zygotes"0.160.480.36 = 1.00 prob. of survival (fitness)0.80.40.2 Relative Fitness0.8/0.8=10.4/0.8 = 0.50.2/0.8=0.25

11. p = 0.4, q = 0.6AAAaaa Parental "zygotes"0.160.480.36 = 1.00 prob. of survival (fitness)0.80.40.2 Relative Fitness10.50.25 Survival to Reproduction0.160.240.09= 0.49 Freq’s in Breeding Adults0.16/0.49 = 0.33 0.24/0.49 = 0.49 0.09/0.49 = 0.18 = 1.00 Gene FrequenciesF(A) = 0.575F(a) = 0.425 Freq’s in F1 (p 2, 2pq, q 2 )0.330.490.18 = 1.00 D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: 2.Constraints: 3.Modeling Selection: a. Calculating relative fitness b. Modeling Selection

12. D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: 2.Constraints: 3.Modeling Selection: 4. Types of Selection

13. Some traits that decrease survival may be selected for because they have a direct and disproportional benefit on probability of mating. Intrasexual – competition within a sex for access to mates. Intersexual – mates are chosen by the opposite sex. D. Deviations From HWE: 5. Natural Selection 1.Fitness Components: 2.Constraints: 3.Modeling Selection: 4. Types of Selection Sexual Selection

14. Sources of VariationAgents of Change MutationNatural Selection RecombinationGenetic Drift - crossing overMigration - independent assortmentMutation Non-random Mating VARIATION Modern Evolutionary Biology I. Population Genetics A. Overview B. The Genetic Structure of a Population C. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Model D. Deviations From HWE E. Summary; The Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution