1. Profit 2.3.1 By the end of this section the aim is: To be able to calculate; gross profit, operating profit, net profit To be able to discuss the use of a profit and loss account to measure profitability To be able to discuss ways to improve profitability To be able to distinguish between profit and cash

2. We know already that when a firm subtracts its Total Costs from its Total Revenue, any money left over is Profit. This is a simple enough proposition for most people to grasp but we need to dig deeper and look at the different ways in which businesses calculate profit. –Gross Profit –Operating Profit –Net Profit (aka Profit for the Year) Profit

3. Gross Profit Gross Profit is the LARGEST of the 3 different figures. Gross Profit is calculated by deducting the COST OF SALES from Total Revenue. COST of SALES is another word for the Direct costs of the business. Simply put, it is the difference between how much revenue the firm takes, less the cost of making (or obtaining) the goods that they have sold. Formula to learn Gross Profit = Total revenue – Cost of Sales

4. Operating Profit Operating Profit is the money left over from the Gross Profit once you have deducted the businesses overheads/ operating expenses (indirect costs). Formula to learn: Operating Profit = Gross Profit – Operating expenses Operating Profit is the figure focused on by business analysts when evaluating companies. If a business cannot make a reasonable operating profit, it has no chance of long term survival.

5. Profit for the Year (or Net Profit as it used to be called and is still often called) is the final sum of money that the business has left after it has paid all of its operating expenses and paid any interest it has to pay on loans. It is this money it uses to pay dividends to shareholders or keeps to reinvest in future plans. It is calculated by deducting interest payments that have been made throughout the year from the Operating Profits figure. Sometimes this is further developed by calculating the Profit for the Year after tax by deducting Taxation (usually Corporation Tax) from the figure too. Net Profit (otherwise known as Profit for the Year) Formula to learn Profit for the Year = Operating Profit – Interest payments

6. Puzzled? Look through the worked example for Ted Baker. Think about how each measure of Profit is arrived at. What exactly does each figure represent?

7. Calculation practise Question 1 Or Question 2 (part b only)

8. Why does an understanding of each measurement of profit matter to a firm? Gross Profit Operating Profit Net Profit

9. I s measuring the ‘value’ of Profit enough? The Gross Profit or Net profit figure for a business is an absolute number. Is £100,000 a good amount of profit or not? What else might you need to know to decide if it is or not? How could you measure profit in a more meaningful way?

10. 5 Whys and a How?

11. Measuring Profitability Profitability Ratios Gross Profit Margin This measures Formula to learn Operating Profit Margin This measures Formula to learn

12. Measuring Profitability Profitability Ratios Net Profit (Profit for the Year) Margin This measures Formula to learn Using margins Much more meaningful than absolute numbers Enables analysts to compare businesses on a like for like basis Allows a business to compare there performance from one year to the next.

13. Calculate gross profit margin(%)  What was the profit margin for each of the 3 months?  Which month had the highest profit margin ?  Express answers in %

14. Calculate net profit margin (%) Sept £Oct £Nov £ Sales revenue 4,5008,2006,650 Gross Profit1,6001,3001,250 Expenses350290420 Operating profit Interest200 Net profit Margin  What was the operating profit margin for each of the 3 months?  What was the net profit margin for each of the 3 months?  Which month had the highest profit margins ?

15. Question practise Complete the question activity on your A3 worksheet.