1. The New Deal

2. FDR's New Deal
In A Nutshell
Franklin Delano Roosevelt assumed the presidency at the darkest hour of the Great Depression, pledging to restore prosperity through expansive government intervention in the economy. While Roosevelt's New Deal did not, in fact, end the Great Depression, it did permanently alter American society and create many of the structures that sustained prosperity following World War II.

3. Why Should I Care?
Why does Franklin Delano Roosevelt still matter, sixty years after he died just 82 days into his unprecedented fourth term in the White House? Because FDR made the modern presidency. Because the New Deal made modern American society. Whether you love FDR's politics and policies or loathe them, it's impossible to imagine the world we live in today without them. That's why Franklin Delano Roosevelt still matters.

4. Chapter 13: The New Deal
Terms and People
Franklin D. Roosevelt – American President elected at the height of the Great Depression
Eleanor Roosevelt – FDR’s wife and First Lady; known for her active role in the administration
New Deal – programs and legislation enacted by FDR during the Great Depression to promote economic recovery and social reform
fireside chat – informal radio broadcast in which FDR communicated with the American people
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) – government agency that insures bank deposits

5. Terms and People (continued)
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Terms and People (continued)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) – government agency that built dams in the Tennessee River valley to control floods and generate electric power
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) – New Deal program that provided young men with jobs on environmental conservation projects
National Recovery Administration (NRA) – New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages 5

6. Terms and People (continued)
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Terms and People (continued)
Public Works Administration (PWA) – government agency that improved the nation’s infrastructure and created millions of jobs
Charles Coughlin – Roman Catholic priest who accused FDR of not doing enough to end the depression
Huey Long – Louisiana Senator and New Deal critic

7. Early New Deal Policies

8. Chapter 13: The New Deal
How did the New Deal attempt to address the problems of the depression?
As poverty and homelessness gripped the country, many Americans wondered if the nation could survive the crisis.
They hoped a new leader could bring back prosperity—and their faith in democracy.

9. Americans were ready for a change.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
In 1932, President Hoover ran for reelection. But he had little chance of winning.
Unemployment stood at 25 percent.
Bank failures had wiped out savings.
The hungry waited for food at soup kitchens.
Americans were ready for a change.

10. President Herbert Hoover 1929-1933

11. Hoover’s opponent in the election was Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Hoover’s opponent in the election was Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Harvard graduate
New York State senator
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
1920 Nominee for Vice President
Polio survivor
Governor of New York 11

12. President Franklin D. Roosevelt

13. Roosevelt won in a landslide.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
The two candidates offered very different approaches to the problems of the Great Depression.
Hoover
Roosevelt
State and local governments and private agencies should provide relief.
Leadership should come from the federal government.
Roosevelt won in a landslide. 13

15. Chapter 13: The New Deal

16. FDR’S NEW DEAL RELIEF REFORM RECOVERY
MANY OF HIS PROGRAMS COMBINED ELEMENTS OF ALL THREE

17. FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ACT (FERA)
PROGRAM TYPE
PROGRAM
PURPOSE
RELIEF
FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ACT (FERA)
PROVIDE FUNDS TO STATE RELIEF AGENCIES (WELFARE, UNEMPLOYEMENT)
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION (WPA)
GAVE UNEMPLOYED WORK IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (CCC)
PROVIDE JOBS TO YOUNG UNMARRIED MEN TO WORK ON CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE PROJECTS
NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION (NYA)
PROVIDE EDU, JOBS, RECREATION FOR AGES 16-25

18. FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ACT (FERA)
PROGRAM
TYPE
PURPOSE
RECOVERY
FARM CREDIT ADMINISTRATION (FCA)
GIVE LONG TERM MORTGAGES TO FARMERS
AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ACT (AAA)
PAYING FARMERS $ TO LOWER PRODUCTION
RECONSTRUCTION FINANCE CORPORATION (RFC)
GOV’T GAVE $ TO OWNERS OF COMPANIES
PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION (PWA)
SPONSORED MASSIVE PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS (DAMS, ETC)
HOME OWNERS LOAN CORPORATION (HOLC)
PROVIDE LOW COST MORTGAGE FINANCING
FEDERAL HOUSING AUTHORITY (FHA)
IMPROVE HOUSING CONDITIONS AND STANDARDS (HOME FINANCING)
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL RECOVERY ACT N(I)RA
ESTABLISH FAIR LABOR AND BUSINESS PRACTICES
REFORM
FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION (FDIC)
INSURED BANK DEPOSITS UP TO $5,000
SECURITIES EXCHANGE COMMISSION (SEC)
REGULATED THE STOCK MARKET AND PROTECTED INVESTORS
SOCIAL SECURITY ACT
PROVIDE OLD AGE PENSIONS
RURAL ELECTRIFICATION ADMINISTRATION (REA)
LOANS TO BUILD POWER PLANTS, EXTEND POWER LINES, AND WIRING HOMES
TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY (TVA)
PROVIDE HYDROELECTRIC POWER, FLOOD PROTECTION, AND REC IN TN
WAGNER ACT
LABOR UNIONS RIGHT TO COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
FAIR LABORS STANDARD ACT
ABOLISH CHILD LABOR AND ESTABLISH A MINIMUM WAGE
PROGRAM TYPE
PROGRAM
PURPOSE
RELIEF
FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ACT (FERA)
PROVIDE FUNDS TO STATE RELIEF AGENCIES (WELFARE, UNEMPLOYEMENT)
WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION (WPA)
GAVE UNEMPLOYED WORK IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS (CCC)
PROVIDE JOBS TO YOUNG UNMARRIED MEN TO WORK ON CONSERVATION AND RESOURCE PROJECTS
NATIONAL YOUTH ADMINISTRATION (NYA)
PROVIDE EDU, JOBS, RECREATION FOR AGES 16-25

19. AUDIO IS FDR’S FIRST FIRESIDE CHAT.
FDR USED THE RADIO GIVING “FIRESIDE CHATS” TO EXPLAIN HIS PROGRAMS TO THE AMERICAN PEOPLE

20. FDR’S PHILOSOPHY KEYNESIAN OR "PUMP PRIMING" ECONOMICS
Chapter 13: The New Deal
FDR’S PHILOSOPHY
KEYNESIAN OR "PUMP PRIMING" ECONOMICS
BASED ON THE WORK OF BRITISH ECONOMIST JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES. HE ARGUED MONEY SHOULD BE INVESTED IN THE PEOPLE, THE WORKING CLASS. SPENDING WOULD THEN INCREASE WITH NEW MONEY IN CIRCULATION. AS SPENDING INCREASED IT WAS EXPECTED BUSINESS WOULD EXPAND TO MEET THE NEW DEMAND AND HIRE NEW WORKERS. THIS WOULD BRING ON MORE SPENDING AND MORE GROWTH.
THIS PLAN WAS THE OPPOSITE OF THE REPUBLICAN PLAN ASCRIBED TO BY HOOVER AND EARLIER LEADERS. THEY HAD BELIEVED IN SUPPLY SIDE OR "TRICKLE DOWN" ECONOMICS. IN THIS PHILOSOPHY MONEY WAS TO BE INVESTED AT THE TOP, IN BUSINESS. THEN BUSINESSES WOULD EXPAND, HIRE NEW WORKERS AND THIS IN TURN WOULD SPUR ON SPENDING AND FURTHER ECONOMIC GROWTH.

21. His “Brain Trust” consisted of professionals and academics.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
To help him plan, FDR sought the advice of a diverse group of men and women.
His “Brain Trust” consisted of professionals and academics.
His wife Eleanor Roosevelt helped him throughout his presidency. She traveled widely and acted as the president’s “eyes and ears.”

22. BRAIN TRUST MEMBERS -Harry Hopkins – -Henry Morgenthau -Louis Lowe
Chapter 13: The New Deal
FDR’S BRAIN TRUST
HE SURROUNDED HIMSELF WITH BRILLIANT SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL THINKERS AS ADVISORS TO HELP DEVELOP STRATEGIES TO PULL THE NATION OUT OF THE DEPRESSION. MANY OF THEIR IDEAS CAME FROM THE BRITISH ECONOMIST JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES.
BRAIN TRUST MEMBERS
-Harry Hopkins –
-Henry Morgenthau
-Louis Lowe
-Cordell Hull
-Frances Perkins –
-Sam Rosenman
-Raymond Moley
-Rexford Tugwell
TUGWELL ROSENMAN

23. During his first 100 days in office, 15 bills were passed.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Together with his “Brain Trust,” Roosevelt moved quickly to carry out his promise of giving Americans a New Deal.
During his first 100 days in office, 15 bills were passed.
First New Deal
The legislation had three goals: relief, recovery, and reform.

24. Roosevelt began with the bank crisis.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Roosevelt began with the bank crisis.
FDR declared a four-day bank holiday, closing the banks so they could get their accounts in order.
In the first of many fireside chats, FDR explained that his actions were to halt bank failures.
When the banks reopened, there were no more runs on the banks. 24

25. New Leadership: Full speed ahead

26. FDR took other steps to reform the financial system.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
FDR took other steps to reform the financial system.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Insured bank deposits
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
Regulated the stock market
Such measures helped restore confidence in the economy.

27. Chapter 13: The New Deal
Roosevelt then turned to a series of New Deal programs to bring relief to the country.
Some programs helped farmers and those in the rural South.
The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) sought to end overproduction and raise crop prices.
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) built dams to control floods and generate electricity.

28. Many programs focused on job relief.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Many programs focused on job relief.
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
Put young men to work improving national parks, forests, and wilderness areas
Federal Emergency Relief Agency (FERA)
Granted funds to state and local agencies to help the unemployed
Civil Works Administration (CWA)
Gave people jobs on public-works projects

29. C.C.C. Boys at Work
18-25 years old who had a portion of their monthly check withheld and sent back to their families.

30. The Public Works Administration (PWA) created millions of jobs.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
The Public Works Administration (PWA) created millions of jobs.
Workers built bridges, dams, power plants, and government buildings.
These projects improved the nation’s infrastructure. 30

31. National Recovery Administration
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Roosevelt also took steps to speed economic recovery.
Established codes of fair competition
Set minimum wages for workers and minimum prices for goods
National Recovery Administration
(NRA)

32. POLITICAL CARTOONS ON THE FIRST 100 DAYS OF FDR’S LEGISLATION
Chapter 13: The New Deal
POLITICAL CARTOONS ON THE FIRST 100 DAYS OF FDR’S LEGISLATION

33. THE NEW DEAL COMES UNDER ATTACK FROM BOTH THE LEFT AND RIGHT
Chapter 13: The New Deal
THE NEW DEAL COMES UNDER ATTACK FROM BOTH THE LEFT AND RIGHT
“IT SEEMS CLEAR THE HONEYMOON IS OVER” (HARLAN STONE, SUPREME COURT JUSTICE COMMENTING ON THE GROWING OPPOSITION TO THE NEW DEAL)
LEFT RIGHT
LIBERAL CONSERVATIVE
THOSE WHO WANTED THE GOVERNMENT TO STAY OUT OF THE ECONOMY AND LET THE DEPRESSION CURE ITSELF
THOSE WHO WANTED THE GOVERNMENT TO DO MORE TO END THE DEPRESSION BY INTERVENING IN THE ECONOMY
POLITICAL SPECTRUM

34. Not everyone, however, supported the New Deal.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Not everyone, however, supported the New Deal.
Conservatives charged that it was making the government too powerful.
Such critics formed the American Liberty League.
Destroying free enterprise
Undermining individualism

35. REPUBLICANS AND CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRATS
Chapter 13: The New Deal
WHO WAS IN THE LIBERTY LEAGUE AND WHY DID THEY OPPOSE FDR AND THE NEW DEAL?
REPUBLICANS AND CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRATS
AL SMITH, FORMER DEMOCRATIC GOVERNOR OF NEW YORK AND DEMOCRAT PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE IN 1928
NORTHERN INDUSTRIALISTS AND EXECUTIVES OF MAJOR CORPORATIONS SUCH AS DUPONT AND GENERAL MOTORS
THOSE WHO BELIEVED NEW DEAL PROGRAMS WOULD BE PAID FOR BY NEW TAXES ON THE RICH AND BUSINESS
THOSE WHO BELIEVED THE NEW DEAL RAN COUNTER TO THE AMERICAN TRADITION OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY, LOCAL CONTROL, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF LAISSEZ-FAIRE WHERE THE GOVERNMENT DID NOT REGULATE BUSINESS
THEY FADED AWAY AFTER THE 1936 ELECTION

36. Some argued that the New Deal did not do enough to end the depression.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Some argued that the New Deal did not do enough to end the depression.
While conservatives thought the New Deal did too much, others took the opposite position.
Socialist Party
American Communist Party

37. The opponents who gained the largest audience were Populist critics.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Dr. Francis Townsend
Proposed giving each person 60 or older $200 a month to spend
Father Charles Coughlin
Used his radio show to attack the New Deal, calling it communist
Senator
Huey Long
Proposed a “Share Our Wealth” program that taxed the rich and gave money to the poor
The opponents who gained the largest audience were Populist critics.

38. FATHER CHARLES COUGHLIN FRANCIS E. TOWNSEND UPTON SINCLAIR
Chapter 13: The New Deal
THE LEFT-WING CRITICS
THEY WERE A MORE DIVERSE AND COLORFUL GROUP WITH NON-TRADITIONAL PLANS FOR ENDING THE DEPRESSION
HUEY LONG
FATHER CHARLES COUGHLIN
FRANCIS E. TOWNSEND
UPTON SINCLAIR

39. HUEY LONG “EVERY MAN A KING”
Chapter 13: The New Deal
HUEY LONG
“EVERY MAN A KING”
HUEY WAS GOVERNOR AND LATER A SENATOR FROM LOUISIANA. AS GOVERNOR HE INTRODUCED MANY REFORMS BUT WAS ACCUSED OF ACTING LIKE A DICTATOR.

40. BY HUEY P. LONG, UNITED STATES SENATOR
Chapter 13: The New Deal
BY HUEY P. LONG, UNITED STATES SENATOR
PEOPLE OF AMERICA: IN EVERY COMMUNITY GET TOGETHER AT ONCE AND ORGANIZE A SHARE-OUR-WEALTH SOCIETY--MOTTO: EVERY MAN A KING
PRINCIPLES AND PLATFORM:
1. TO LIMIT POVERTY BY PROVIDING THAT EVERY DESERVING FAMILY SHALL SHARE IN THE WEALTH OF AMERICA FOR NOT LESS THAN ONE THIRD OF THE AVERAGE WEALTH, THEREBY TO POSSESS NOT LESS THAN $5,000 FREE OF DEBT.
2. TO LIMIT FORTUNES TO SUCH A FEW MILLION DOLLARS AS WILL ALLOW THE BALANCE OF THE AMERICAN PEOPLE TO SHARE IN THE WEALTH AND PROFITS OF THE LAND.
3. OLD-AGE PENSIONS OF $30 PER MONTH TO PERSONS OVER 60 YEARS OF AGE WHO DO NOT EARN AS MUCH AS $1,000 PER YEAR OR WHO POSSESS LESS THAN $10,000 IN CASH OR PROPERTY, THEREBY TO REMOVE FROM THE FIELD OF LABOR IN TIMES OF UNEMPLOYMENT THOSE WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED THEIR SHARE TO THE PUBLIC SERVICE.
4. TO LIMIT THE HOURS OF WORK TO SUCH AN EXTENT AS TO PREVENT OVERPRODUCTION AND TO GIVE THE WORKERS OF AMERICA SOME SHARE IN THE RECREATIONS, CONVENIENCES, AND LUXURIES OF LIFE.
5. TO BALANCE AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION WITH WHAT CAN BE SOLD AND CONSUMED ACCORDING TO THE LAWS OF GOD, WHICH HAVE NEVER FAILED.
6. TO CARE FOR THE VETERANS OF OUR WARS.
7. TAXATION TO RUN THE GOVERNMENT TO BE SUPPORTED, FIRST, BY REDUCING BIG FORTUNES FROM THE TOP, THEREBY TO IMPROVE THE COUNTRY AND PROVIDE EMPLOYMENT IN PUBLIC WORKS WHENEVER AGRICULTURAL SURPLUS IS SUCH AS TO RENDER UNNECESSARY, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, ANY PARTICULAR CROP.

41. HUEY LONG’S SHARE OUR WEALTH PROGRAM Huey’s barbeque speech
Chapter 13: The New Deal
HUEY LONG’S SHARE OUR WEALTH PROGRAM
HE WANTED THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT TO CONFISCATE ALL INCOMES OVER ONE MILLION DOLLARS ($13 MILLION IN 2002 DOLLARS) AND USE THE MONEY TO GIVE EACH FAMILY A HOME AND AN INCOME OF $2000 ($26,000 IN 2002 DOLLARS) A YEAR.
HIS PROGRAM WAS EXTREMELY POPULAR AND HE DECLARED HIMSELF A CANDIDATE FOR PRESIDENT FOR THE 1936 ELECTION. HE WAS MURDERED IN SEPTEMBER OF 1935 AND HIS MOVEMENT COLLAPSED.
Huey’s barbeque speech

42. Chapter 13: The New Deal
FRANCIS E. TOWNSEND, A DOCTOR IN HIS 60’S CAME UP WITH THE TOWNSEND PLAN WHICH WOULD GIVE EVERYONE OVER 60 $200 ($2523 IN 2002 DOLLARS) A MONTH TO SPEND IN 30 DAYS.

43. FATHER CHARLES COUGHLIN
Chapter 13: The New Deal
FATHER CHARLES COUGHLIN
“THE RADIO PRIEST”
"The great betrayer and liar, Franklin D. Roosevelt, who promised to drive the money changers from the temple, had succeeded [only] in driving the farmers from their homesteads and the citizens from their homes in the cities. . . I ask you to purge the man who claims to be a Democrat, from the Democratic Party, and I mean Franklin Double-Crossing Roosevelt."
ANTI CAPITALIST MEANT HE WAS AGAINST THE FUNDAMENTAL U.S. ECONOMIC SYSTEM OF PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION
POPULAR CATHOLIC PRIEST WHO HAD A LARGE RADIO AUDIENCE. HE WAS AN EARLY SUPPORTER OF FDR BUT CHANGED AND BECAME A BITTER CRITIC. HE WAS BOTH AN ANTI- SEMITE AND ANTI-CAPITALIST

44. UPTON SINCLAIR AND THE EPIC MOVEMENT IN CALIFORNIA
Chapter 13: The New Deal
UPTON SINCLAIR AND THE EPIC MOVEMENT IN CALIFORNIA
SOCIALIST UPTON SINCLAIR, AUTHOR OF THE JUNGLE, RAN FOR GOVERNOR OF CALIFORNIA IN 1934 AS A DEMOCRAT. HIS EPIC (END POVERTY IN CALIFORNIA) ENVISIONED THE STATE BUYING UP CLOSED FACTORIES AND UNUSED LAND AND PUTTING UNEMPLOYED CALIFORNIANS TO WORK MAKING GOODS AND GROWING FOOD. HE WAS SOUNDLY DEFEATED IN THE ELECTION AND HIS EPIC PROGRAM DIED SOON AFTER.
ANTI- SINCLAIR AD FROM THE 1934 ELECTION

45. Chapter 13: The New Deal

46. Despite the critics, the New Deal was popular with most Americans.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Despite the critics, the New Deal was popular with most Americans.
In his inaugural address, Roosevelt told Americans, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”
FDR succeeded in reducing people’s fear, but the depression was far from over.

47. Second New Deal

48. Chapter 13: The New Deal
Terms and People
Second New Deal – legislative activity begun by Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1935 to solve problems created by the Great Depression
Works Progress Administration (WPA) – agency that provided job relief through public-works projects
John Maynard Keynes – British economist who supported the policy of deficit spending to help end the depression
pump priming – economic theory that favored public works projects because they put money in the hands of consumers who would buy more goods, stimulating the economy

49. Terms and People (continued)
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Terms and People (continued)
Social Security Act – 1935 law that created a pension system for retirees, established unemployment insurance, created insurance for victims of work-related accidents, and provided aid for poverty-stricken mothers and children, the blind, and the disabled
Wagner Act – law that recognized the right of employees to join labor unions and gave workers the right to collective bargaining
collective bargaining – process in which employers negotiate with labor unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions 49

50. Terms and People (continued)
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Terms and People (continued)
Fair Labor Standards Act – law that set a minimum wage and a maximum workweek and outlawed child labor
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) – labor organization founded in the 1930s that represented industrial workers
sit-down strike – labor protest in which workers stop working and occupy the workplace until their demands are met
court packing – FDR plan to add more justices to the Supreme Court after the Court ruled some New Deal legislation unconstitutional

51. What major issues did the second New Deal address?
Chapter 13: The New Deal
What major issues did the second New Deal address?
As depression continued to grip the nation, President Franklin D. Roosevelt continued to search for solutions.
Many of the New Deal programs created by FDR continue to impact Americans today.

52. Chapter 13: The New Deal
Though progress had been made toward easing the problems of the Great Depression, Roosevelt knew that much work still needed to be done.
In 1935, FDR launched a new campaign to help meet the goals of relief, recovery, and reform.
The Second New Deal

53. The government was spending money it did not have.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
As FDR planned a new round of spending, critics charged that New Deal programs, and their high price tags, were wasteful.
The government was spending money it did not have.
The federal deficit had soared to $4.4 billion. 53

54. Economists such as John Maynard Keynes disagreed.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Public-works projects put money in the hands of consumers.
Consumer spending would stimulate the economy.
Deficit spending was needed to end the depression.
Keynes called this idea pump priming.
Economists such as John Maynard Keynes disagreed.
Deficit spending continued under the second New Deal. 54

55. The Second New Deal aimed to extend social and economic reforms.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
The Second New Deal aimed to extend social and economic reforms.
The Works Progress Administration (WPA) created millions of jobs on public-works projects.
Workers built highways and public buildings, dredged rivers and harbors, and promoted soil and water conservation.
Artists were hired to enhance public spaces. 55

56. The Social Security Act created a pension system for retirees.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
The Social Security Act created a pension system for retirees.
It also provided
unemployment insurance
insurance for victims of work-related accidents
aid for poverty-stricken mothers and children, the blind, and the disabled 56

57. Chapter 13: The New Deal

58. Chapter 13: The New Deal
SOCIAL SECURITY CREATED MASSIVE AND COMPLEX BOOKKEEPING JOBS FOR FEDERAL AND STATE EMPLOYEES

59. Chapter 13: The New Deal

60. Such benefits helped reduce poverty among the nation’s elderly.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Such benefits helped reduce poverty among the nation’s elderly. 60

61. The government provided price supports for agriculture.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
The Rural Electrification Administration helped bring power to isolated rural areas.
The government provided price supports for agriculture.
New Deal programs changed the relationship of the federal government to the American farmer. 61

62. Chapter 13: The New Deal
The government also funded irrigation systems, dams, and other water projects in the West.
The Bonneville Dam in the Pacific Northwest controlled flooding and provided electricity to a vast number of citizens.
The government funded the complex Central Valley irrigation system in California. 62

63. Fair Labor Standards Act
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Roosevelt also believed that improving the standard of living for industrial workers would benefit the entire economy.
recognized the right of workers to join labor unions
gave workers the right to collective bargaining
Wagner Act
set a minimum wage and maximum workweek
outlawed child labor
Fair Labor Standards Act 63

64. The AFL represented skilled workers who joined craft or trade unions.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
As union activity rose, a split emerged in the American Federation of Labor.
The AFL represented skilled workers who joined craft or trade unions.
The union made little effort to organize workers in the major industries.
John L. Lewis formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) to unionize industrial workers.

65. CHILDREN OF SIT-DOWN STRIKERS PARADING IN FLINT ON 2/3/37
Chapter 13: The New Deal
CHILDREN OF SIT-DOWN STRIKERS PARADING IN FLINT ON 2/3/37

66. Strikes

67. STRIKES IN THE 1930’S Chapter 13: The New Deal 1933-1941
The General Motors Sit-Down Strike Starting December 30, 1936, this building was occupied for 44 days by striking members of the United Auto Workers. The strikers acting in concert with other plants that were closed or to be closed by sit-downs, asked for recognition of the union as sole bargaining representative for all hourly-rated employees of General Motors Corporation. Court injunctions and threats of eviction by both the sheriff of Genesee County and the Flint Police Department did not sway the strikers from their goal. An agreement was reached in Detroit on February 11, 1937, that changed the relationships between the company and its employees. The settlement led to complete unionization of the auto industry in ensuing years and added stability for the union and the company.

68. Chapter 13: The New Deal
BATTLE OF THE OVERPASS, MAY 1937: UNION LEADERS WERE BEATEN WHILE PEACEFULLY AIDING WOMEN HANDING OUT LITERATURE. THEY WERE ATTACKED BY “SERVICEMEN” WHO WERE ACTUALLY THUGS AND CRIMINALS HIRED BY HENRY FORD TO STOP UNIONS WITH VIOLENCE. THESE PICTURES WERE PUBLISHED AND GAINED MUCH SUPPORT FOR UNIONS

69. GROWTH IN UNION MEMBERSHIP UNDER FDR
Chapter 13: The New Deal
GROWTH IN UNION MEMBERSHIP UNDER FDR

70. After 44 days, GM recognized the new union.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
In 1936, the CIO’s United Auto Workers Union staged a sit-down strike at General Motors.
After 44 days, GM recognized the new union.
This success led to others, and union membership soared.

71. JOBS, JOBS, JOBS!!!

74. Chapter 13: The New Deal
After an overwhelming reelection victory, FDR decided to fight back against the Supreme Court, which had struck down many of his programs.
In 1937, FDR proposed adding up to six new Justices to the Court.
Critics attacked his court-packing plan as an attempt to expand presidential power.
The failed plan weakened Roosevelt politically.
However, 1937 marked a turning point in the history of the Supreme Court. It more willingly accepted a larger role for the federal government.

75. FDR AND THE SUPREME COURT: 1937 “COURT PACKING SCHEME”
THE SUPREME COURT HAD DECLARED FIVE NEW DEAL PROGRAMS UNCONSTITUTIONAL IN 1935.
IN 1936,THE COURT STRUCK DOWN FOUR OTHER NEW DEAL INITIATIVES.
FDR BEGAN TO SEE THE SUPREME COURT AS AN ENEMY OF THE NEW DEAL AND HIS ATTEMPTS TO END THE DEPRESSION.
TO COUNTER THE SUPREME COURT'S NEGATIVE RULINGS HE PROPOSED WHAT BECAME KNOWN AS THE “COURT PACKING SCHEME” WHICH WAS A PLAN TO INCREASE THE NUMBER OF FRIENDLY JUSTICES ON THE SUPREME COURT.
THE POLITICAL CARTOONS ON THE FOLLOWING SLIDES TRACE THE EVOLUTION OF FDR’S STRUGGLE TO BRING THE COURT UNDER WHAT SOME CALLED HIS CONTROL.

76. IN EARLY 1937 ROOSEVELT PROPOSED A JUDICIARY “REORGANIZATION” BILL TO CONGRESS.
THIS BILL WOULD ALLOW THE PRESIDENT TO APPOINT ONE NEW JUSTICE TO THE SUPREME COURT FOR EVERY CURRENT JUSTICE WHO HAD REACHED 70 YEARS OF AGE AND FAILED TO RETIRE. UNDER ROOSEVELT’S PLAN THE SUPREME COURT COULD HAVE AS MANY AS 15 JUSTICES.
MANY CONSERVATIVES SAW HIS “COURT PACKING SCHEME” AS PROOF THAT FDR WANTED TO BE A DICTATOR. ROOSEVELT’S SUPPORTERS BELIEVED THAT THE COURT HAD TO BE MODIFIED SO THE NEW DEAL COULD MOVE AHEAD IN BRINGING THE NATION OUT OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION.

78. CARTOONS SUPPORTING FDR’S COURT REORGANIZATION PLAN

79. CARTOONS WARNING OF THE DANGERS OF “COURT PACKING”

80. FDR WAS HURT BY HIS APPOINTMENT OF ONE TIME KKK MEMBER, HUGO BLACK, IN AUGUST OF 1937, TO THE SUPREME COURT. ALTHOUGH HUGO BLACK HAD BRIEFLY BEEN A KLAN MEMBER IN THE 1920’S; HE WAS A LIBERAL SUPPORTER OF FDR AND AFTER BEING CONFIRMED, WAS AN ADVOCATE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS UNTIL HIS RETIREMENT IN 1971.

81. DESPITE FDR’S BEST EFFORTS THE JUDICIARY REORGANIZATION BILL FAILED TO PASS AND HE SUFFERED HIS FIRST MAJOR POLITICAL DEFEAT. HOWEVER, THE SUPREME COURT BEGAN UPHOLDING SOME NEW DEAL LEGISLATION WITH SEVERAL OF THE JUSTICES REVERSING THEIR PREVIOUS POSITIONS. IT APPEARED THE COURT MODERATED ITS OPPOSITION TO NEW DEAL LEGISLATION IN ORDER TO PROTECT ITSELF FROM POLITICAL ATTACKS. IN THE NEXT FEW YEARS, SEVERAL JUSTICES RETIRED AND FDR GOT TO APPOINT NEW JUSTICES MORE FAVORABLE TO HIS POLICIES.

82. Roosevelt faced other challenges to the New Deal.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Roosevelt faced other challenges to the New Deal.
After the economy had begun to improve in 1935 and 1936, FDR cut back on government spending to reduce the deficit. At the same time, interest rates rose.
The combination caused the economy to sink again, and unemployment soared.
With his support wavering, FDR did not try to push further reforms through Congress.

83. RECESSION IN THE FALL OF 1937
FDR WAS WEAKENED POLITICALLY BY THE FIGHT OVER THE SUPREME COURT AND FOUND IT HARDER TO DEAL WITH CONGRESS
THERE WAS STILL HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT AND MILLIONS WERE STILL SURVIVING ON GOVERNMENT RELIEF PAYMENTS
HUGE BUDGET DEFICITS WERE PILING UP
IN JUNE OF 1937, CONCERNED OVER THE DEFICITS, FDR HAD CONGRESS CUT SPENDING FOR GOVERNMENT ANTI- DEPRESSION MEASURES INCLUDING PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT TO SUCCESSFULLY BALANCE THE BUDGET
THE RESULT WAS A SEVERE RECESSION WITH THE STOCK MARKET CRASHING AND 10 MILLION WORKERS LOSING THEIR JOBS
FDR WAS FORCED TO QUICKLY POUR MONEY INTO PROGRAMS SUCH AS CCC AND WPA TO ALLEVIATE THE RECESSION

84. POLITICAL CARTOON REFLECTING THE FEAR AND UNCERTAINTY THE 1937 RECESSION CAUSED

85. Effects of the New Deal

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Terms and People
Black Cabinet – African American leaders who served as unofficial advisers to Franklin D. Roosevelt 
Mary McLeod Bethune – educator and special advisor on minority affair in FDR’s Black Cabinet
Indian New Deal – 1930s program that gave Native Americans economic assistance and greater control over their own affairs
New Deal coalition – diverse group of southern whites, northern blue-collar workers, midwestern farmers, and African Americans that united behind FDR and the New Deal

87. Terms and People (continued)
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Terms and People (continued)
welfare state – government that assumes responsibility for providing for the welfare of children and the poor, elderly, sick, disabled, and unemployed

88. Chapter 13: The New Deal
How did the New Deal change the social, economic, and political landscape of the United States for future generations?
The New Deal affected people of many different backgrounds and ways of life. It also fundamentally changed the role of the federal government in the economy, the power of the presidency, and the relationship of the American people to their government.

89. The New Deal gave women an opportunity to increase their influence.
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The New Deal gave women an opportunity to increase their influence.
Eleanor Roosevelt inspired many women in her leadership role during the New Deal.
Transformed the role of First Lady from ceremonial to political activist
Traveled widely
Campaigned for FDR
Offered policy advice
Wrote a newspaper column

90. The WPA and other agencies made an effort to employ men first.
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Other women also played important roles in the administration, such as Secretary of Labor Frances Perkins, the first female Cabinet member.
However, the New Deal did not fight to end gender discrimination in the workplace.
The WPA and other agencies made an effort to employ men first.
Women could not work for the CCC.

91. African Americans were hit especially hard by the depression.
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The unemployment rate for African Americans was nearly 50 percent.
Many people urged FDR to help end racial discrimination.
African Americans were hit especially hard by the depression.
Roosevelt asked advice of members of his Black Cabinet, such as Mary McLeod Bethune.

92. Some New Deal measures unintentionally hurt African Americans.

93. Some New Deal measures unintentionally hurt African Americans.
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But he did not always listen. FDR refused to support an antilynching law, fearing political fallout.
Farm subsidies led landowners to evict sharecroppers.
African Americans often did not receive equal wages.
Domestic and farm workers, occupations that employed many African Americans, were exempted from New Deal programs.
Some New Deal measures unintentionally hurt African Americans.

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The New Deal’s Commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Collier, tried to improve living conditions for Native Americans.
The Indian New Deal:
The Bureau of Indian Affairs encouraged native religions, languages, and
customs.
Provided funds to build schools and hospitals
Created an Indian Civilian Conservation Corps
The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, which restored tribal control over native lands was considered the centerpiece of the Indian New Deal.

95. Democrats were now in the majority.
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Roosevelt and the New Deal united diverse groups of Americans into a political powerhouse.
The New Deal coalition included southern whites, northern blue-collar workers, midwestern farmers, and African Americans.
Democrats were now in the majority. 95

96. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs also helped unify a struggling nation.
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Roosevelt’s New Deal programs also helped unify a struggling nation.
Social and ethnic divisions diminished.
Immigrant communities gained a greater sense of belonging.
Programs such as the WPA and CCC allowed people of different backgrounds to get to know one another. 96

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With the New Deal, FDR broke from the tradition of laissez-faire and greatly expanded the role of government.
Restored trust in the banks and the stock market
Increased homeownership
Protected workers
Helped modernize rural America
New Deal measures strengthened capitalism and encouraged the post-World War II economic boom. 97

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Thousands of PWA and WPA projects benefited communities—and local economies—across the country. 99

100. At the same time, the New Deal led to the rise of the welfare state.
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At the same time, the New Deal led to the rise of the welfare state.
In a major policy change, the New Deal established the principle that the federal government was responsible for the welfare of all Americans.
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101. FDR also favored federal action to protect the environment.
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FDR also favored federal action to protect the environment.
The government established 12 million acres of new national parks.
The CCC restored forests and preserved the environment.
Despite its benefits, the TVA had a mixed environmental impact, disrupting natural habitats.
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102. FDR

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Finally, FDR and the New Deal changed the nature of the presidency itself.
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104. Culture in the 1930s

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Terms and People
The Wizard of Oz – popular depression-era film that promised dreams really can come true
Frank Capra – director whose films celebrated American idealism and the triumph of the common man over adversity
War of the Worlds – 1938 radio drama that was so realistic many people feared that Martians were actually invading
Federal Art Project – branch of the WPA that hired artists to create artworks for public buildings

106. Terms and People (Continued)
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Terms and People (Continued)
mural – large picture painted directly on a wall or ceiling
Dorothea Lange – Farm Security Administration photographer who helped document the plight of America’s farmers
John Steinbeck – author whose depression-era classic The Grapes of Wrath tells the story of a family trying to escape the Dust Bowl
Lillian Hellman – playwright whose works featured strong roles for women and socially conscious subject matter
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How did the men and women of the depression find relief from their hardships in the popular culture?
Entertainment helped Americans struggling to survive the depression escape their worries—at least for a time.
Federal support for the arts added to the era’s rich cultural heritage.

108. Entertainment was big business during the 1930s.
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Entertainment was big business during the 1930s.
Large radio networks were broadcasting giants, while a few film companies dominated the silver screen.
By the end of the 1930s, nearly two thirds of all Americans attended a movie each week.
Stars made fortunes and attracted loyal followings.
Movies, radio, and music reflected the mood of the country.

109. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Frankenstein Top Hat
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Most Americans went to the movies to escape their worries during the Great Depression.
The Wizard of Oz
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs
Frankenstein
Top Hat
Gone With the Wind

110. As the New Deal restored confidence, films such as
Chapter 13: The New Deal
In the early 1930s, gangster films such as Public Enemy reflected the public’s distrust of government.
As the New Deal restored confidence, films such as
G-Men began portraying government officials as heroes.
Director Frank Capra focused on the triumph of the common man over adversity in such films as Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.

111. Radio was also a vital part of everyday life.
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Radio was also a vital part of everyday life.
Radio networks such as NBC and CBS entertained millions.
People listened to comedy, drama, news, and FDR’s fireside chats.

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Orson Welles’ 1938 radio drama War of the Worlds was so realistic that it caused a national panic when listeners thought that Martians were invading.
Radio disc jockeys played the latest tunes on shows like Your Hit Parade and Make Believe Ballroom.

113. “Swing” music played by “big bands” topped the charts.
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Music provided a happy diversion and a serious outlet for social concerns.
“Swing” music played by “big bands” topped the charts.
Latin music and dances like the rumba and the samba were popular.
The folk singer Leadbelly described the harsh lives of African Americans.
Woodie Guthrie wrote ballads about the Dust Bowl and the Okies.
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114. Chapter 13: The New Deal
During the New Deal, the federal government provided funding for the arts for the first time in history.
The Federal Art Project, Federal Writers’ Project, and Federal Theater Project were all funded by the WPA.
WPA writers created a series of state guidebooks that recorded the nation’s history and folklore.
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“Migrant Mother”
WPA artists painted giant murals in public buildings across the nation.
Photographers like Dorothea Lange created powerful images of impoverished farmers and migrant workers.
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116. This led to a drop in congressional funding.
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Critics charged that the Federal Art programs were promoting radical or communist views.
This led to a drop in congressional funding.
Though its funding was cut, the Federal Art programs set a precedent for future funding of the arts and humanities.

117. portrayed strong women in her plays.
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Depression-era writers reflected the concerns of Americans from all walks of life.
In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck told the story of an Okie family escaping the Dust Bowl.
Lillian Hellman
portrayed strong women in her plays.
In Native Son, Richard Wright explored racial prejudice.

118. POW! Comic strips and comic books also were very popular. Flash Gordon
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Comic strips and comic books also were very popular.
POW!
Flash Gordon
Dick Tracy
Superman
Science Fiction
Detective Story
The first great superhero comic—showed that ordinary citizens could overcome evil.

119. Chapter Summary Section 1: FDR Offers Relief and Recovery
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Chapter Summary
Section 1: FDR Offers Relief and Recovery
Within his first 100 days in office, Roosevelt and Congress passed fifteen major laws to offer relief, reform, and recovery. Mrs. Roosevelt played a large role in the Administration. There were many critics of the New Deal.
Section 2: The Second New Deal
Comma after office, reform, Deal, and poor
Add bullets
In the Second New Deal, Roosevelt sought far reaching solutions to the causes of the Depression. The problems of workers, the unemployed, the poor, and the elderly were all addressed.

120. Chapter Summary (continued)
Chapter 13: The New Deal
Chapter Summary (continued)
Section 3: Effects of the New Deal
The New Deal changed the role of the federal government in the lives of American citizens and in the national economy. It created new political coalitions and changed the power of the president.
Section 4: Culture of the 1930s
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The 1930s was a golden age for radio and movies. People sought escape from the pain of the Great Depression. It was also the first time that the federal government sponsored art and artists.
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