1. The Cell: Cytoskeleton

2. Cytoskeleton Function Function –structural support maintains shape of cell maintains shape of cell provides anchorage for organelles provides anchorage for organelles –motility cell locomotion cell locomotion cilia, flagella, etc. cilia, flagella, etc. –regulation organizes structures & activities of cell organizes structures & activities of cell

3. Cytoskeleton Structure Structure –network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm –3 main protein fibers microtubules microtubules microfilaments microfilaments intermediate filaments intermediate filaments It’s a matter of size…

5. Evolutionary perspective Proteins that make up the fibers are very similar in all living things Proteins that make up the fibers are very similar in all living things –from bacteria to humans tubulin (all cells) tubulin (all cells) actin (eukaryote cells) actin (eukaryote cells) Means that they are both ancient and essential for life Means that they are both ancient and essential for life

6. Microtubules Structure Structure –thickest fibers –hollow rods about 25nm in diameter –constructed of protein, tubulin –grow or shrink as more tubulin molecules are added or removed

7. Microtubules Function Function –structural support & cell movement move chromosomes during cell division move chromosomes during cell division –centrioles tracks that guide motor proteins carrying organelles to their destination tracks that guide motor proteins carrying organelles to their destination –motor proteins: myosin & dynein motility motility –cilia –flagella

8. Centrioles Cell division Cell division –in animal cells, pair of centrioles organize microtubules guiding chromosomes in cell division

9. Cilia & flagella Extensions of eukaryotic cytoskeleton Extensions of eukaryotic cytoskeleton Cilia = numerous & short (hair-like) Cilia = numerous & short (hair-like) Flagella = 1-2/cell & longer (whip-like) Flagella = 1-2/cell & longer (whip-like) –move unicellular & small multicellular organisms by propelling water past them –cilia sweep mucus & debris from lungs –flagellum of sperm cells

10. Cilia Oar-like movement Oar-like movement –alternating power & recovery strokes –generate force perpendicular to cilia’s axis

11. Flagella undulatory movement undulatory movement –force generated parallel to flagellum’s axis

12. Cilia & Flagella Structure Structure –remember 9+2! –9 pairs of microtubules around 2 single microtubules in center –bending of cilia & flagella is driven by motor protein dynein dynein  requires ATP

14. Microfilaments (actin filaments) Structure Structure –thinnest class of fibers –solid rods of protein, actin –twisted double chain of actin subunits –about 7nm in diameter Function Function –3-D network inside cell membrane –in muscle cells, actin filaments interact with myosin filaments to create muscle contraction

15. Microfilaments (actin filaments) Dynamic process Dynamic process –actin filaments constantly form & dissolve making the cytoplasm liquid or stiff during movement movement of Amoeba movement of Amoeba cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells –speeds distribution of materials )

16. Intermediate filaments Structure Structure –specialized for bearing tension –built from keratin proteins same protein as hair same protein as hair –intermediate in size 8-12nm Function Function –hold “things” in place inside cell –more permanent fixtures of cytoskeleton –reinforce cell shape & fix organelle location nucleus is held in place by a network of intermediate filaments nucleus is held in place by a network of intermediate filaments

17. Summary Microtubules Microtubules –thickest –cell structure & cell motility –tubulin Microfilaments Microfilaments –thinnest –internal movements within cell –actin, myosin Intermediate filaments Intermediate filaments –intermediate –more permanent fixtures –keratin actin microtubule nuclei

20. Cell Junctions Where cells touch each other…

21. Plant cell wall Structure Structure –cellulose –primary cell wall –secondary cell wall –middle lamella = sticky polysaccharides

22. Intercellular junctions Plant cells Plant cells –plasmodesmata channels allowing cytosol to pass between cells channels allowing cytosol to pass between cells plasmodesmata

23. Animal cell surface Extracellular matrix Extracellular matrix –collagen fibers in network of glycoproteins support support adhesion adhesion movement movement regulation regulation

24. Intercellular junctions in animals

25. Intercellular junctions Animal cells Animal cells –tight junctions membranes of adjacent cells fused forming barrier between cells membranes of adjacent cells fused forming barrier between cells forces material through cell membrane forces material through cell membrane –gap junctions communicating junctions communicating junctions allow cytoplasmic movement between adjacent cells allow cytoplasmic movement between adjacent cells –desmosomes anchoring junctions anchoring junctions fasten cells together in strong sheets fasten cells together in strong sheets

28. And now for some… Stupid Penguin Tricks…. Any Questions??