1. KeyWords: protons, neutrons, electrons, nucleons, atomic number, proton number, mass number P3 topic 3 (i) Production, uses and risks of ionising radiation from radioactive sources This topic looks at: Beta and positron radiation Describe how beta radiation is used to ensure that paper is the correct thickness during manufacture. 1)What are the two types of beta particle? 2)What happens during beta decay? 3) Describe, with diagrams, the difference between beta minus & beta plus decay. Label the diagram above with electrons, protons, neutrons and nucleons. Describe how beta radiation can be used to ensure that bottles have been filled on a production line. What effect does beta minus decay have on the atomic number and mass number? What effect does beta plus decay have on the atomic number and mass number? Identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the following: Complete the table below to show the relative masses and relative atomic charges of protons, neutrons, electrons and positrons. ParticleProtonNeutronElectronPositron Mass (compared to a proton) Charge

2. KeyWords: alpha, decay, penetrating, ionising, gamma, neutron, nuclear equatoins P3 topic 3 (ii) Production, uses and risks of ionising radiation from radioactive sources This topic looks at: Alpha, gamma and neutron radiation The stability curve Describe what neutron radiation is. What happens to the mass number and the atomic number during neutron decay? 1) What effect does alpha decay have on the atomic number and the mass number? 2) What effect does gamma decay have on the atomic number and the mass number? 3) Alpha particles are sometimes described as being like a helium nucleus. In what way is this true? 4) What effect does the release of gamma rays have on the nucleus in terms of energy and stability? Complete the table below to describe the properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiation. 1)What new element is formed when plutonium – 239 undergoes alpha decay? 2)What new element is formed when radium-226 undergoes alpha decay? Describe the features of the N-Z curve for stable and radioactive isotopes. Type of radiation AlphaBetaGamma Charge Mass How ionising is it? How penetrating is it? Alpha decay Most atoms with an atomic number of over 82 (Pb) usually undergo alpha decay. Beta - minus decay - tends to happen with isotopes with too many neutrons to be stable (too high an n/p ratio) and which lie above the stability curve. By changing a neutron to a proton the n/p ratio is reduced to the nucleus of an isotope lying in the stability band. Beta plus decay - tends to happen with isotopes with too few neutrons to be stable (too low an n/p ratio) and which lie below the stability curve. By changing a proton to a neutron the n/p ratio is increased to an isotope lying in the stability band.

3. KeyWords: quarks, u, down, mutations, dosage, radiotherapy, palliative, PET scan P3 topic 3 (iii) Production, uses and risks of ionising radiation from radioactive sources This topic looks at: Quarks Dangers of ionising radiation Radiation in hospitals What are up quarks and down quarks? (Include their mass and charge in your answer) 1)How can radiation damage cells? (Include the key words DNA and mutation in your answer) 2)Describe what radiation burns for beta and gamma radiation look like. What is a dosimeter and who might wear one? Draw diagrams to show what happens to quarks in beta plus and beta minus decay. Explain the number and arrangement of quarks in protons and neutrons (include diagrams) What precautions are taken to ensure the safety of people, such as patients and medical personnel, who are exposed to radiation? Evaluate the use of radioactive techniques in medical physics (3-4 pros, 2 - 3 cons. and a conclusion) - do this on separate paper or the back of this sheet to give yourself enough room, aim to write at least ten good sentences. Make sure you include and explain the keywords: palliative, tracer, short half-life. Include internal and external treatments. Mention the different types of radiation used. Explain which parts of the body absorb different tracers. Explain why isotopes in PET scanners have to be produced nearby.