1. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

2. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.1 The trouble with inconsistent systems of measurement

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.2 Definitions of some old units (a) A rod used to be 16 “people feet.” This distance divided by 16 equals one foot.

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.2 (continued) Definitions of some old units (b) The “old” yard

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.2 (continued) Definitions of some old units (c) At one time, three barley corns were used to define one inch.

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen The modern metric system is identified in all languages by the abbreviation SI (for Système International d’Unités—the international system of units of measurement written in French). The SI metric system has seven basic units [Table 1.1(a)]. All other SI units are called derived units; that is, they can be defined in terms of these seven basic units (see Appendix D, Table 19).

8. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Table 1.1 SI Units of Measure

9. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Table 1.2 Prefixes for SI Units

10. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen (1) Write the SI abbreviation for 36 centimetres. The symbol for the prefix centi is c. The symbol for the unit metre is m. __________?. (2) Write the SI metric unit for the abbreviation 45 kg. The prefix for k is kilo; the unit for g is gram. ____________?

11. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

12. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

13. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen (a)2580 (b) 54,600 (c) 42,000,000 (a) 0.0815 (b) 0.00065

14. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.4 One metre (a) The height of a door knob is about 1 m. Metric Length The basic SI unit of length is the metre (m) (Fig. 1.4). The first standard metre was chosen in the 1790s to be one ten-millionth of the distance from the earth’s equator to either pole. Long distances are measured in kilometres (km). We use the centimetre (cm) to measure short distances, such as the length of this book or the width of a board. The millimetre (mm) is used to measure very small lengths, such as the thickness of this book or the depth of a tire tread.

15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.4 (continued) One metre (b) The length of a person's long pace is also about 1 m.

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.4 (continued) One metre (c) The length of 1 m is a little more than 1 yd.

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.6 Small metric length units (a) The width of your small fingernail is aobut 1 cm.

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.6 (continued) Small metric length units (b) The thickness of a dime is about 1 mm.

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.6 (continued) Small metric length units (c) The large numbered divisions are centimetres shown actual size. Each centimetre is divided into 10 equal parts, called millimetres.

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Example 1

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Example 2

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Let’s do Problem 1.4

23. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.7 Actual sizes of 1 cm 2 and 1 in 2 The area of a figure is the number of square units that it contains. To measure a surface area of an object, you must first decide on a standard unit of area. Standard units of area are based on the square and are called square inches, square centimetres, square miles, or some other square unit of measure.

24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.8 One square metre (m 2 )

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.9 Find the area of a rectangle 5 m long and 3 m wide.

26. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.10 Find the area of the metal plate shown in Fig. 1.10.

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.11 Find the smallest cross-sectional area of the box shown in Fig. 1.11(a).

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.11 (continued)

29. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.12 One hectare The hectare is the fundamental SI unit for land area. An area of 1 hectare equals the area of a square 100 m on a side (Fig. 1.12). The hectare is used because it is more convenient to say and use than square hectometre. The metric prefixes are not used with the hectare unit. That is, instead of saying the prefix “kilo” with “hectare,” we say “1000 hectares.”

30. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.13

31. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.14

32. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.15

33. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.16 One litre of milk is a little more than 1 quart of milk. A common unit of volume in the metric system is the litre (L) (Fig. 1.16). The litre is commonly used for liquid volumes.

34. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.17 One litre contains 1000 cm 3.

35. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Figure 1.19

36. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Let’s do these!!

37. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen The mass of an object is the quantity of material making up the object. One unit of mass in the metric system is the gram (g). The gram is defined as the mass of 1 cubic centimetre (cm3) of water at its maximum density. Since the gram is so small, the kilogram (kg) is the basic unit of mass in the metric system. One kilogram is defined as the mass of 1 cubic decimetre (dm3) of water at its maximum density. The standard kilogram is a special platinum–iridium cylinder at the International Bureau of Weights and measures near Paris, France. Since 1 dm3 1 L, 1 litre of water has a mass of 1 kilogram.

38. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

39. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Let’s do these as well!

40. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

41. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen The basic time unit is the second (s). The standard second adopted in 1967 is defined more precisely in terms of the frequency of radiation emitted by cesium atoms when they pass between two particular states; this is the time required for 9,192,631,770 periods of this radiation. The second is not always convenient to use, so other units are necessary. The minute (min) is 60 seconds, the hour (h) is 60 minutes, and the day is 24 hours. The year is 365 days in length except for every fourth year, when it is 366 days long

42. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Let’s do these!!

43. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen An exact number is a number that has been determined as a result of counting, such as 24 students are enrolled in this class, or by some definition, such as 1 h 60 min or 1 in. However, nearly all data of a technical nature involve approximate numbers; that is, numbers determined as a result of some measurement process—some direct, as with a ruler, and some indirect, as with a surveying transit or reading an electric meter. First, realize that no measurement can be found exactly. The length of the cover of this book can be found using many instruments. The better the measuring device used, the better is the measurement. A measurement may be expressed in terms of its accuracy or its precision. The accuracy of a measurement refers to the number of digits, called significant digits, which indicates the number of units that we are reasonably sure of having counted when making a measurement. The greater the number of significant digits given in a measurement, the better is the accuracy, and vice versa.

44. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Examples

45. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

46. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

47. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

48. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

49. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen Example

50. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen

51. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Applied Physics, Tenth Edition Dale Ewen, Neill Schurter, and P. Erik Gundersen ÷ X ÷ X X 14,167 ft  14,000 ft 3000 ft 123,536 m  120,000 m 23,534,904.76 m  24,000,000 m 83.267 cm  83.3 cm 2.831 g  2.8 g