1. Integer Multiplication, Division Arithmetic shift Twice the number of places MIPS multiply unit. mult, multu Significant bits Mfhi, mflo, div, divu Arithmetic shift. sra Textbook: Appendix A Central Connecticut State University, MIPS Tutorial. Chapter 14.

2. Review: MIPS programming model In this model from the textbook we can see several additional groups of MIPS instructions : Integer Multiplication Division instructions. Floating point arithmetic instructions. System Control instructions MIPS contains: Integer arithmetic processor Floating point arithmetic processor Whole system’s Control Processor

3.  The product of two N-place decimal integers may need 2N places.  This is also true for numbers expressed in any base.  In particular, the product of two integers expressed with N-bit binary may need 2N bits.  The product of two N-place decimal integers may need 2N places.  This is also true for numbers expressed in any base.  In particular, the product of two integers expressed with N-bit binary may need 2N bits. Twice the Number of Places

4.  We will mostly write programs that keep the result under 32 bits in length.  When this is true, the result of a multiplication will be in lo  How to keep the result of multiplication in 32 bits ?  How large will be the operands in that case ?  We will mostly write programs that keep the result under 32 bits in length.  When this is true, the result of a multiplication will be in lo  How to keep the result of multiplication in 32 bits ?  How large will be the operands in that case ? Significant bits  The significant bits in a positive or unsigned number represented in binary are the most significant 1 bit (the leftmost 1 bit) and all bits to the right of it. For example, the following has 23 significant bits: 0000 0000 0100 0011 0101 0110 1101 1110  The significant bits in a negative number represented in two's complement are the most significant 0 bit (the leftmost 0 bit) and all bits to the right of it. For example, the following has 23 significant bits: 1111 1111 1011 1100 1010 1001 0010 0010  To ensure that a product has no more than 32 significant bits, ensure that the sum of the number of significant bits in each operand is 32 or less.  The significant bits in a positive or unsigned number represented in binary are the most significant 1 bit (the leftmost 1 bit) and all bits to the right of it. For example, the following has 23 significant bits: 0000 0000 0100 0011 0101 0110 1101 1110  The significant bits in a negative number represented in two's complement are the most significant 0 bit (the leftmost 0 bit) and all bits to the right of it. For example, the following has 23 significant bits: 1111 1111 1011 1100 1010 1001 0010 0010  To ensure that a product has no more than 32 significant bits, ensure that the sum of the number of significant bits in each operand is 32 or less.

5.  The multiply unit of MIPS contains two 32-bit registers called hi and lo.  These are not general purpose registers.  When two 32-bit operands are multiplied, hi and lo hold the 64 bits of the result.  Bits 32 through 63 are in hi and bits 0 through 31 are in lo.  The multiply unit of MIPS contains two 32-bit registers called hi and lo.  These are not general purpose registers.  When two 32-bit operands are multiplied, hi and lo hold the 64 bits of the result.  Bits 32 through 63 are in hi and bits 0 through 31 are in lo. MIPS Multiply Unit 63 32 31 031 0

6.  There is a multiply instruction for unsigned operands - multu  and a multiply instruction for signed operands (two's complement operands) - mult.  Integer multiplication never causes a trap.  There is a multiply instruction for unsigned operands - multu  and a multiply instruction for signed operands (two's complement operands) - mult.  Integer multiplication never causes a trap. mult, multu  Note: with add and addu, the operation carried out is the same with both instructions. The "u" means "don't trap overflow".  With mult and multu, different operations are carried out. Neither instruction ever causes a trap.  Note: with add and addu, the operation carried out is the same with both instructions. The "u" means "don't trap overflow".  With mult and multu, different operations are carried out. Neither instruction ever causes a trap.

7.  If we treat the binary patterns as two’s complement then 2x-3 should be equal to -6 – 11010. So we should use mult to get the correct two’s complement result.  If we treat the binary patterns as unsigned numbers then 2x5 should be equal to unsigned 10. So we should use the unsigned multiplication. In this case multu will do the task.  If we treat the binary patterns as two’s complement then 2x-3 should be equal to -6 – 11010. So we should use mult to get the correct two’s complement result.  If we treat the binary patterns as unsigned numbers then 2x5 should be equal to unsigned 10. So we should use the unsigned multiplication. In this case multu will do the task. mult, multu

8. There are two instructions that move the result of a multiplication into a general purpose register: The mfhi and mflo Instructions mfhi d # d <-- hi. Move From Hi mflo d # d <-- lo. Move From Lo ## Program to calculate 5 × x – 74 #### Register Use: ## $8 x ## $9 result.text.globl main main: ori $8,$0,12 # put x into $8 ori $9,$0,5 # put 5 into $9 mult $9,$8 # lo <-- 5x mflo $9 # $9 = 5x addiu $9,$9,-74 # $9 = 5x - 74 ## Program to calculate 5 × x – 74 #### Register Use: ## $8 x ## $9 result.text.globl main main: ori $8,$0,12 # put x into $8 ori $9,$0,5 # put 5 into $9 mult $9,$8 # lo <-- 5x mflo $9 # $9 = 5x addiu $9,$9,-74 # $9 = 5x - 74

9. div “/” and mod “%” in C Example from K&R: printf ("\n9 div 4 = 2 remainder 1 :\n"); printf ("int 9 / 4 = %d\n", 9 / 4);//Quotient -> (hi) printf ("int 9 % 4 = %d\n", 9 % 4);//Remainder -> (lo) Example from K&R: printf ("\n9 div 4 = 2 remainder 1 :\n"); printf ("int 9 / 4 = %d\n", 9 / 4);//Quotient -> (hi) printf ("int 9 % 4 = %d\n", 9 % 4);//Remainder -> (lo) 9 div 4 = 2 remainder 1: int 9 / 4 = 2 int 9 % 4 = 1

10.  With N-place integer division there are two results  an N-place quotient  and an N-place remainder.  With 32-bit operands there will be (in general) two 32-bit results.  MIPS uses the hi and lo registers for the results:  With N-place integer division there are two results  an N-place quotient  and an N-place remainder.  With 32-bit operands there will be (in general) two 32-bit results.  MIPS uses the hi and lo registers for the results: The div and the divu Instructions 94 1 2

11. ## Program to calculate (y + x) / (y - x) #### Register Use: ## $8 x, $9 y ## $10 x/y quotient, $11 x%y remainder.text.globl main main: ori $8,$0,8 # put x into $8 ori $9,$0,36 # put y into $9 addu $10,$9,$8 # $10 <-- (y+x) subu $11,$9,$8 # $11 <-- (y-x) div $10,$11 # hilo<--(y+x)/(y-x) mflo $10 # $10 <-- quotient mfhi $11 # $11 <-- remainder Example

12.  The problem is that a shift right logical moves zeros into the high order bit. This is correct in some situations, but not for dividing two's complement negative integers.  An arithmetic right shift replicates the sign bit as needed to fill bit positions. Shift Right Arithmetic

13. Multiply registers rs and rt and add the resulting 64-bit product to the 64-bit value in the concatenated registers lo and hi. madd $8, $9 # Multiply add maddu $8, $9# Unsigned multiply add Multiply registers rs and rt and subtract the resulting 64-bit product from the 64-bit value in the concatenated registers lo and hi. msub $8, $9# Multiply subtract msubu $8, $9# Unsigned multiply subtract The madd, maddu, msub, msubu Instructions