1. CSE 471/598 Intelligent Agents TIP We’re intelligent agents, aren’t we?

2. CSE 471/598 H. Liu2 Introduction An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through actuators. We discuss A wide variety of agents How to define an agent Let’s look at Figure 2.1 Is that me? An agent function maps percepts to actions

3. CSE 471/598 H. Liu3 All about Agents We will learn How agents should act Environments of agents Types of agents  human, robot, software agents A vacuum-cleaner world with 2 locations (Fig 2.2) Percepts: location and contents, e.g., [A,Dirty] Actions: Left, Right, Suck, NoOp A simple agent function(Fig 2.3) What is the right way to fill out the table? What makes an agent good or bad? We need to specify how agents should act in order to measure

4. CSE 471/598 H. Liu4 How Agents should act A rational agent is one that does the right thing. What is “right”? The issue of performance measure, is not a simple one  You often get what you ask for.  Be as objective as possible  Measure what one wants, not how the agent should behave  E.g., how to be a rational instructor/student? Do the right thing and be objective. How? Switch your positions (student, instructor, another student) to increase objectivity A related issue is when to measure it.  How often to measure it

5. CSE 471/598 H. Liu5 A rational agent is not omniscient Rationality is concerned with expected success given what has been perceived A percept sequence contains everything that the agent has perceived so far An ideal rational agent should do whatever action that maximize its expected performance Rationality does not mean perfection which maximizes actual performance Do we sometimes regret? Do regrets help? Why?

6. CSE 471/598 H. Liu6 Four key components What is rational depends on PEAS: Performance measure Environment Actuators – generating actions Sensors – receiving percepts Another example? Taxi driver (a robot in the future) Let’s think about its performance measure Let’s now look at Fig 2.4

7. CSE 471/598 H. Liu7 Definition of a rational agent For each possible percept sequence, a rational agent should select an action that is expected to maximize its performance measure, given the evidence provided by the percept sequence and whatever built-in knowledge the agent has.

8. CSE 471/598 H. Liu8 From percept sequences to actions A mapping with possibly infinite entries An ideal mapping describes an ideal agent It’s not always necessary to have an explicit mapping in order to be ideal (e.g., sqrt (x)) An agent should have some autonomy. i.e., its behavior is determined by its own experience. Autonomy can evolve with an agent’s experience and percept sequence - learning.

9. CSE 471/598 H. Liu9 External environments Without exception, actions are done by the agent on the environment, which in turn provides percepts to the agents. Environments affect the design of agents Types of environments

10. CSE 471/598 H. Liu10 Types of Environments Fully vs. partially observable Deterministic vs. stochastic E is deterministic but actions of other agents are not =>strategic Episodic vs. sequential An example of episodic environment? Static vs. dynamic E does not change, performance score does => semi- dynamic Discrete vs. continuous Single vs. multiple agents What is the most difficult environment? Let’s look at some examples in Fig 2.6 Are you impressed? What can we do to improve?

11. CSE 471/598 H. Liu11 Design and Implementation of Agents Design an agent function that maps the agent’s percepts to actions. Or to realize how actions are selected or determined Implement the agent function in an agent program which is realized in an agent architecture Agent = Architecture+ Program Percepts and actuators + function mappings From Robots to Softbots Architectures can be very different

12. CSE 471/598 H. Liu12 Some examples of agents All agents have four elements (PEAS): 1. Performance 2. Environment 3. Actuators 4. Sensors Fig 2.5 shows some agent types We can see that there are many ways to define these components and it’s impractical to enumerate all possibilities

13. CSE 471/598 H. Liu13 Starting from the simplest A look-up agent (Fig 2.7) Generates actions based on percept sequences  Your decision today is determined by many things happened in the past Why not just look up? How far back should we look up Scaling up An equivalent question is about the table size What else should we try?

14. CSE 471/598 H. Liu14

15. CSE 471/598 H. Liu15 Types of agents Simple reflex agents - respond based on the current percept, ignore the percept history. It cuts down a lot of possibilities. An example (Fig 2.8) A simple reflex agent (Figs 2.9,2.10)  Condition-action Rules Innate reflexes vs. learned responses What if the environment is not fully observable?

16. CSE 471/598 H. Liu16 Model-based reflex agents They can handle partial observability Knowledge about how the world works is called a model of the world Maintain internal state to keep information of the changing environment and involve consideration of the future Respond to a percept accordingly (Figs 2.12) From local to global

17. CSE 471/598 H. Liu17

18. CSE 471/598 H. Liu18 Goal-based agents They aim to achieve goals Goal: desirable states, Search for a sequence of actions, Plan for solving sub-problems with special purposes Goals alone are often not enough to generate high-quality behavior. Why?

19. CSE 471/598 H. Liu19

20. CSE 471/598 H. Liu20 Utility-based agents They aim to maximize their utilities Utility: the quality of being useful, a single value function Happy or not (a goal or not) vs. How happy when the goal is achieved resolve conflicting goals (speed vs. safety) evaluate with multiple uncertain qualities search for trade-off facing multiple goals

21. CSE 471/598 H. Liu21

22. CSE 471/598 H. Liu22 Learning agents They can learn to improve Operate in initially unknown environments and become more competent Four components: (1) problem generator (to create exploratory actions), (2) performance element (the earlier entire agent), (3) learner, (4) critic (to provide feedback) The above types of agents can be found in the later chapters we will discuss.

23. CSE 471/598 H. Liu23

24. CSE 471/598 H. Liu24 Summary There are various types of agents who cannot live without external environment. Efficiency and flexibility of different agents. Using ourselves as a model and our world as environment as a starting point (Are we too ambitious?), you may Describe options for future consideration Recommend a new type of agents (Novel Contribution!)