1. CHAPTER-VIDEO COMPRESSION STANDARDS 1

2. Contents  What is Video Compression?  Why Video compression?  Video Compression Standards  Evaluation of Video standards  H.26X (X=1,3,4)Video Standards  Comparison of H.261 with MPEG  Comparison of H.26X  Question –Answer  References

3.  Storing video in less bit is known video compression.  Video Compression follow lossy method.  Video compression use modern coding techniques to reduce redundancy in video data.  Video compression focus on reduction of Spatial and Temporal redundancy.  Major role played by Temporal redundancy in video compression. 3 What is Video Compression ?

4. „640 x 480 resolution, 8 bit color, 24 Fps un compressed video contains-  „307.2 Kbytes per image (frame)  „7.37 Mbytes per second  „442 Mbytes per minute  „26.5 G-Bytes per hours 4 Why Video Compression ?

5.  640 x 480 resolution, 24 bit colors, 30 fps uncompressed video contains-  „921.6 Kbytes per image (frame)  „27.6 Mbytes per second  „1.66 G-bytes per minute  „99.5 G-bytes per hour „  100 Gigabyte disk (100 x 109 bytes), can store about 1- 4 hours of high quality video „ 5 Continue………………

6.  Raw video contains vast amount of data.  Sending these video through communication channel required very high bandwidth and storage capacity.  Without compression communication of video take huge time and very high cost.  20 Mb/s HDTV channel bandwidth require compression by factor 70. 6 Continue……………

7. 7 Data compression Methods

8.  Loss of information is acceptable in a picture of video.  The reason is that our eyes and ears cannot distinguish subtle changes.  Loss of information is not acceptable in a text file or a program file.  Examples of lossy method-  Joint photographic experts group (JPEG)  Motion picture experts group (MPEG) 8 Lossy Compression Methods

9.  „H.261/H.262/H.263/H.263+/H.263++/H.264 /H.265  Video „MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, etc.  AVI  „Cinepak „  Sorensen  „Indeo „Real 9 Video Compression Standards

10. Evaluation of Video Standards 10

11. Evaluation of Video Standards 11

12.  Symmetric compression „Requires same time for encoding and decoding „Used for dialog mode applications (teleconference).  „Asymmetric compression „Performed once when enough time is available („Two Pass Encoding „used for retrieval mode applications) Asymmetric compression does not acquire same time for encoding and decoding. 12 Types of Compression

13.  H.261 is a video coding standard adopted by by the ITU(CCITT) in 1990.  It is the most widely used international video compression standard for video coding.  H.261 is usually used in conjunction with other control and framing standards. 13 H.261 Video Compression Standard

14.  CIF(Common Intermediate format)-This is mainly used for high bit rate application.  QCIF(Quarter CIF)- This is one quarter of CIF and it is mainly used for low-bit rate application. (Aspect ratio, Temporal rates, Interlacing are same in CIF and QCIF but they differ in Chroma(U,V) and number of active pels/line Lum(Y) ) H.261 Input Image Formats 14

15. H.261 have mainly two compression mode- 1.Intra Mode- The intra Mode is similar to JPEG still image compression which is based on block by block DCT Coding technique. 2.Inter Mode- In this mode Temporal prediction is employed with or without motion compensation. Then the interframe prediction error is DCT encoded. H.261 Compression mode 15

16.  The H.261 standard describes the video coding/decoding methods for the video portion of an audio visual service.  Designed for data rates of p*64 kbps, where p is in the range 1-30.  Targeted for circuit-switched networks (ISDN was the communication channel considered within the framework of the standard) 16 H.261 Features-

17.  Defines two picture formats: i) CIF (352x288) ii)QCIF(176x144)  The H.621 encoding algorithm is a combination of:  inter-picture prediction (to remove temporal redundancy)  transform coding (to remove spatial redundancy)  motion vectors (for motion compensation) 17 Continue……..

18.  It provide maximum coding delay of 150 msec (because it is mainly intended for bidirectional video communication)  It provide low cost VLSI implementation which is well suited for commercialization of videophone and teleconferencing equipment.  MPEG 1 part 2 design is heavily influenced by H.261 Continue………. 18

19. -- 19 H.261 Coding Process

20. H.261 Encoder- EE DCT -1 Q -1 ME MC Coding control VLCQDCT Frame buffer - + Video in Intra/inter Mode Qp Video out MV

21. H.261 Decoder DD MC Frame Memory + IDCT Q-1 VLC Decoder Buffer Error Correction Input data Decoded data Intra/inter Motion Vector Step size

22. H.261 Summary  Used in video/teleconferencing  Two dimensional (2-D) 8 X 8 DCT to remove intra-frame correlation  Zig-zag order to scan the transform coefficients  Run Length coding for zero-valued coefficients after quantization  Motion estimation is applied to video sequence to improve the prediction between successive frames

23. Continue……….  Transmission rates control in the range of p X 64 Kbps  Error resilience including synchronization and concealment technique required in transmission code, to cover up channel errors  Common Intermediate Format (CIF) and Quarter CIF (QCIF) for a single solution to different video formats (NTSC / PAL)

24.  H.261  Based on JPEG  Encodes video only  Lossy algorithm with compression in space and time  Uses I and P-frames  Uses DCT on 8x8 blocks  Best for video with little motion (eg. video conferencing)  Optimized for bandwidth efficiency and low delay 24 Comparison of H.261 with MPEG

25. 25  MPEG  Based on H.261 and JPEG  Encodes audio & video  Lossy algorithm with compression in space and time  Uses I, P, and B-frames  Uses DCT on 8x8 blocks  Designed to handle moving picture components  Less bandwidth efficient

26.  Video conferencing products  MS Windows NetMeeting  Audio Vision  Intel Video Phone  Internet Phone  H.261 is currently used in teleconferencing standards H.320, H.323 and H.324 26 Application of H.261

27. Internet Phone 27

28. Intel Video Phone 28

29. Intel video Phone S/w 29

30. Intel Video Phone Upgrade Kit 30

31.  ITU- International Telecommunication Union  CIF - Common Intermediate Format  DPCM – Differential Pulse Code Modulation  DCT – Discrete Cosine Transform  ISDN – Integrated Services Digital Network Key Word Used in H.261 31

32.  Spatial Redundancy  Temporal Redundancy  Motion Compensation Continue……. 32

33.  Initially created for videoconferencing and video on internet, this codec was a major step towards the standardization of video compression.  In this capability for progressive scan is better than H.261  It was primarily used as a starting point for the development of MPEG ( that is optimized for higher data rates).  MPEG 4 part 2 similar to H.263 H. 263 33

34.  It is now used to compress video in Flash format.  Its disadvantages is that makes a fairly intensive CPU use and may not be successful in lower-end machines. Continue………………. 34

35.  This codec provides high quality encoding and decoding for streaming video applications in real time, at rates ranging from one quarter to half the file size of previous video formats.  The file size achieved is 3 times smaller than those achieved with MPEG-2 codec’s  Good quality images achieved both high and low ratios as better picture quality than MPEG-2, MPEG-4 or H.263.  MPEG 4 part 10 and H.264 are technically identical H.264 35

36. H.264 36

37. H.264 Picture Quality 37

38.  It is twice more efficient than MPEG-4. It is easy to integrate and covers a wide range of image  Its disadvantages are that requires more time to coding and licensing agreements are complicated Continue……… 38

39. Comparison of H.26X Standards 39

41. Refrences:- 1.Murat Tekalp “ Digital video processing’’ Prentice Hall Signal Processing series publication, ISBN: 0-13-190075-7 (alk paper) published Year 1995. 2.AL Bovik, “The Essential Guide to Video Processing” Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier publication, ISBN: 978-0-12-374456-2 published Year 2009. 3.Video codec for audiovisual services at p x 64 kbit/s ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication Standardization Sector) Recommendation H.261, 1993 4.Stephen J. Solari, Digital Video and Audio Compression, McGraw-Hill Professional; (March 1, 1997) 5.K. Rijkse, “H.261 : Video Coding for Low-Bit-Rate Communication”, IEEE Communications Magazine, pp. 42 – 45 6.H.261 Video Coding, http://www-mobile.ecs.soton.ac.uk/peter/h261/h261.html 7. www.itglitz.in/ICT/unit2/unit%203/H261.PPT