1. Image credit: NASA Response of the Earth’s environment to solar radiative forcing Ingrid Cnossen British Antarctic Survey

2. Outline Previous lecture Intro to atmosphere structure and processes Absorption of solar radiation Atmosphere composition Energy balance Ionization Conductivity Low latitude currents This lecture Effects of variations in solar radiative forcing (examples) Interactions between radiatively driven processes and Solar wind-magnetosphere processes Earth’s magnetic field

3. Solar cycle effects on the upper atmosphere Solar cycle changes at 700 km: Neutral Temperature: 2 times Neutral Density: 50 times Electron Density: 10 times

4. Radiative balance Based on Hunt et al. (2011) 100-250 km Updated from Hunt et al. (2011)

5. Long-term mass density variations Global mean density at 400 km altitude From Solomon et al. (2010)81-day centred running mean annual average envelope of expected decline due to increased CO 2

6. Long-term mass density variations Global mean density at 400 km altitude From Solomon et al. (2010)

7. Vertical structure of the atmosphere D layer F2 layer F1 layer E layer Thermosphere Mesosphere Stratosphere Troposphere 2 34567 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 02004006008001000 Electron density (log 10 cm -3 ) Temperature (K) Height (km) N m F 2  (f o F 2 ) 2 hmF2hmF2

8. Long-term variations in f o F 2 and h m F 2 From Cnossen and Franzke (2014) Observations from Juliusruh/Rugen, Germany Prediction = a*F10.7 + b

9. Long-term variations in f o F 2 (EEMD analysis) From Cnossen and Franzke (2014) Observations from Juliusruh/Rugen, Germany Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition

10. Equatorial ionization anomaly: Peaks on either side of magnetic equator in afternoon Spatial electron density variations From Liu et al. (JGR, 2009) 250 km Annual mean electron density Observations from COSMIC x 10 5 cm -3

11. Equatorial ionization anomaly: Peaks on either side of magnetic equator in afternoon Spatial electron density variations From Liu et al. (JGR, 2009) 250 km

12.  Annual anomaly: Electron density Dec > Jun Diurnal/seasonal electron density variations From Lee et al. (JGR, 2011) Observations from COSMIC

13.  Annual anomaly: Electron density Dec > Jun Diurnal/seasonal electron density variations From Lee et al. (JGR, 2011)

14. Solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling created by Matthias Förster from EDI/Cluster data

15. Magnetosphere convection

16. Ionospheric convection Kivelson and Russell

17. Coupled Magnetosphere-Ionosphere-Thermosphere model LFM MHD variables Potential Particle precipitation Field-aligned current TIE-GCM Conductance Conductivity Electrostatic Ionospheric Solver Potential Inner Boundary Conditions for MHD solver Graphics courtesy of Binzheng Zhang CMIT = LFM + TIE-GCM LFM = Lyon-Fedder-Mobarry MHD code (magnetosphere model) TIE-GCM = Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Electrodynamics General Circulation Model

18. Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling: seasonal effects equinox solstice Sun From Cnossen, Wiltberger and Ouellette, JGR, 2012

19. Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling: seasonal effects equinox solstice Sun From Cnossen, Wiltberger and Ouellette, JGR, 2012 Created by Steve Milan from AMPERE data

20. North-South asymmetries in magnetic field Magnetic field in Northern high latitudes is weaker Offset between geographic and magnetic pole in the North is smaller From Förster and Cnossen (2013)

21. North-South asymmetries in sunlit fraction of high magnetic latitude region Laundal et al. (in preparation)

22. North-South asymmetries in ExB drift speeds Laundal et al. (in preparation) ExB drift speed scales as E/B 0 UT

23. Neutral winds at high latitude From Förster and Cnossen (2013)

25. Summary  Solar radiative forcing varies with…  Latitude  Time of day  Season  Solar cycle  This introduces corresponding variations in many upper atmosphere variables, e.g.,  Temperature  Neutral mass density  Electron density  Solar radiation also affects ion-neutral coupling and solar wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling processes

26. Spare slides, additional info

27. Conductivity equations