1. America: Pathways to the Present Chapter 24 The Vietnam War (1954–1975) Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

2. America: Pathways to the Present Section 1: War Unfolds Section 2: Fighting the War Section 3: Political Divisions Section 4: The End of the War Chapter 24: The Vietnam War (1954–1975) Copyright © 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. All rights reserved.

3. Chapter 24, Section 1 The War Unfolds What events led to the war between __________ Vietnam and __________ Vietnam? What were the Vietnam policies of President __________ and Robert __________? How did President __________ change the course of the war?

4. Background of the War According to President Eisenhower’s __________ theory, if one Southeast Asian nation fell to __________, others would soon follow. Ho __________, a pro-Communist leader in Vietnam, led a group called the __________ against French control of his nation before, during, and after World War II. After the Vietminh successfully defeated the French in 1954, a peace agreement called the __________ Accords divided Vietnam into Communist North Vietnam and anti-Communist South Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh led North Vietnam, while Ngo Dinh Diem led South Vietnam. The United States began providing economic aid to the __________ in Vietnam in 1950. In 1960, President Eisenhower sent hundreds of military __________ to help __________ Vietnam’s struggle against the __________. Chapter 24, Section 1

5. Kennedy’s Vietnam Policy Diem’s Downfall During the early 1960s, Ngo Dinh Diem’s __________ lost him the support of his __________. Realizing that the struggle against __________ could not be won under Diem’s rule, President Kennedy told South Vietnamese military leaders that the United States would not object to Diem’s __________. In November 1963, military leaders seized control of South Vietnam and __________ Diem. McNamara’s Role Robert McNamara, President Kennedy’s Secretary of __________, was influential in shaping American policy toward __________. McNamara used his strong business background to cut costs while modernizing the armed forces. In the coming years, McNamara would push for __________ American involvement in Vietnam. Chapter 24, Section 1

6. President Johnson and Communist Advances Shortly after Diem’s __________ in November 1963, President Kennedy was __________, and Vice President Johnson assumed the __________. In South Vietnam, the military leaders who had taken over the government were unsuccessful and unpopular. As a result, Communist __________ in South Vietnam, known as the Viet __________, made gains in both territory and loyalty. The Viet __________ political wing was known as the National __________ Front. Chapter 24, Section 1

7. Expanding Presidential Power Chapter 24, Section 1 The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution In August 1964, Johnson announced that North Vietnamese __________ boats had attacked American __________ in the Gulf of Tonkin. However, some people __________ that this incident had happened and believed it was only an __________ for further U.S. involvement in Vietnam. What Inspired the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, passed by __________ in 1964, regarded peace and security in Southeast Asia as vital to American national __________, and it gave the President additional powers to assist any Southeast Asian country “requesting assistance in defense of its __________.” What Was the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? Under the resolution, the President had authority to “take all necessary measures to __________ any armed attack against the __________ of the United States and to prevent further aggression.” The resolution, therefore, changed the balance of power between __________ and the __________. What Additional Powers Did It Give the President?

8. Fighting the War How did __________ conditions in Vietnam affect American __________? How would you describe the __________ of the war between 1965 and 1968? Why was the __________ Offensive a turning point in the war? Chapter 24, Section 2

9. Battlefield Conditions American Troops Had superior __________ Were unprepared for heat, terrain, or __________ tactics Lacked support of most South __________ Most never saw the __________ but constantly faced the possibility of sudden __________. Viet Cong Troops Fought as __________; avoided head-on clashes Were familiar with terrain; had __________ of many South Vietnamese Built and hid in __________ underground __________ Chapter 24, Section 2

10. The Air and Ground Wars Some Weapons Used in the Vietnam War Land Mines — Land mines, which can be set off by the __________ of a footstep, are explosive devices planted in the ground. Viet Cong landmines killed and wounded both American __________ and __________ civilians. Saturation Bombing — American B-52 bomber planes dropped thousands of tons of __________, resulting in saturation bombing of North Vietnam. Fragmentation Bombs — Fragmentation bombs, dropped by Americans over both North and South Vietnam, threw pieces of their thick __________ casings in all directions when they exploded. In South Vietnam, fragmentation bombs __________ and maimed countless civilians. Agent Orange — American pilots dropped an __________ called Agent Orange over Vietnamese jungles, killing __________ and exposing Viet Cong __________ places. Agent Orange was later discovered to cause health problems in livestock and humans. Napalm — Another chemical weapon used in Vietnam, napalm was a __________ substance which, when dropped from planes splattered, and __________ uncontrollably. Chapter 24, Section 2

11. Intensifying the War After the election of 1964, President Johnson began a gradual __________, or expansion of the war. The number of American soldiers stationed in Vietnam rose from about 25,000 at the beginning of 1965 to nearly __________ by the end of 1968. Originally, American soldiers had been sent to advise the __________ Vietnamese; now their task was to prop up a failing __________ Vietnamese government led by Nguyen Cao Ky. Despite the large buildup of American troops, between 1965 and 1967 the war was at a __________. Within the United States, debate raged between __________, those who supported the war, and __________, those who did not. Chapter 24, Section 2

12. The Ho Chi Minh Trail __________ Vietnamese troops and supplies entered __________ Vietnam via the Ho Chi Minh Trail, a route that passed through Laos and __________. Chapter 24, Section 2

13. The Tet Offensive: A Turning Point On January 30, 1968, the Viet Cong and North Vietnam launched a major __________. This series of __________ was called the Tet Offensive since it occurred during Tet, the Vietnamese New Year. During and after the Tet Offensive, both sides were guilty of __________ atrocities. Communists slaughtered anyone they labeled an enemy; Americans massacred hundreds of civilians at My Lai, a small village in __________ Vietnam. A helicopter crew that stopped the massacre was later rewarded, and the officer who had ordered it was __________. Because Americans now knew that the Viet Cong could launch __________ attacks, and because no end to the war was in sight, the Tet Offensive proved to be a major psychological victory for the Viet Cong and a __________ __________ in the war. Chapter 24, Section 2

14. Political Divisions What role did __________ play in the protest movements of the 1960s? Why did President __________ decide __________ to seek reelection? How did the Vietnam War affect the election of __________? Chapter 24, Section 3

15. Student Activism Student Activism in the 1960s Generation Gap — Young Americans in the 1960s had many __________ unknown to previous generations; many also questioned the __________ of their parents. These factors contributed to a wider generation gap between college-aged youths and their parents. Students for a Democratic Society and the New Left — Organized in 1960, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) had a major impact on the New Left, a political movement that advocated __________ changes to deal with problems such as __________ and __________. The Free Speech Movement — Student protests for free speech at the University of California at Berkeley inspired similar __________ elsewhere, including challenges to __________ restrictions on __________. The Teach-in Movement — Begun at the University of Michigan in March 1965, teach- ins, or special sessions at which issues concerning the __________ could be discussed, soon became a popular means of expressing __________ sentiment. Continued Protests — Hundreds of demonstrations continued at colleges and universities around the country. One of the most dramatic, at Columbia University in New York City, linked the issues of __________ and the __________. Chapter 24, Section 3

16. Draft Resistance To increase the available fighting force, the United States invoked the __________ __________ Act of 1951, __________ young men between the ages of 18 and 26 into the armed forces. Most of those who refused to be drafted in the early 1960s were __________ objectors, people who opposed fighting on moral or religious grounds. As the Vietnam War progressed, the __________ movement grew, with many young men burning their draft cards or fleeing the __________ to avoid the draft. At first, college students could receive a __________, or postponement of their call to serve. __________ were eliminated in 1971 in response to complaints that they were unfair to those who could not afford __________. Chapter 24, Section 3

17. Johnson Decides Not to Run Continuing __________ and an increasing number of __________ steadily decreased popular support for Johnson’s handling of the war. After the Tet Offensive, __________ rarely left the White House for fear of angry __________. Two other Democratic contenders, __________ candidate Eugene McCarthy and __________ Kennedy, brother of John Kennedy and a senator from New York, campaigned against Johnson for the party’s __________. On March 31, __________, Johnson announced in a nationally televised speech that he would not seek another __________ as President. Chapter 24, Section 3

18. The Election of 1968 The Democratic Convention At the time of the Democratic Convention in Chicago, Eugene McCarthy was thought too far out of the __________, and Robert Kennedy had been __________. During the convention, police attacked __________, with much of the __________ taking place in front of television cameras. Vice President Hubert Humphrey won the __________ nomination, but the party had been further torn apart by the convention’s events. The Nation Chooses Nixon Richard M. Nixon received the Republican Party’s __________ for President. Nixon soon took the lead in national polls, allowing his running mate Spiro Agnew to make harsh __________, while Nixon stayed “above the fray.” Independent candidate George C. Wallace drew many votes. Additionally, many __________ Democrats did not vote. In a __________ race, Nixon won the presidency in the 1968 election. Chapter 24, Section 3

19. Other Factors in the 1968 Election The 1960s was an __________ period for mainstream Americans, a group sometimes referred to as __________ America. Many turned to the Republican Party for __________, voting for Republican candidates such as Nixon. Many Americans were __________ by Johnson’s handling of the Vietnam War. Although Johnson stopped the __________ of North Vietnam before the election, Hubert Humphrey’s candidacy was hurt by his defense of the President’s Vietnam __________. Chapter 24, Section 3

20. The End of the War How did President Nixon’s policies lead to American __________ from Vietnam? Why did President Nixon lead a __________ promising to restore law and order? What happened in Vietnam after the __________ of American forces? What was the __________ of the Vietnam War? Chapter 24, Section 4

21. Nixon’s Vietnam Policy Toward the end of his term as President, Johnson had called for peace __________ to end the Vietnam War. However, the resulting __________ peace talks, which began in May 1968, failed to produce an agreement. President Nixon campaigned on the claim that he had a __________ plan to end the war. In June 1969, he began the policy of __________, replacing American troops in Vietnam with __________ Vietnamese soldiers. Although Nixon wanted to end the war, he did not want to __________ it. He therefore launched __________ bombing raids and expanded the war to __________, hoping to destroy Viet Cong camps there. Nixon hoped his __________ attacks would help America in peace negotiations. Instead, the attacks resulted in both civil war in Cambodia and more __________ protests in the United States. Chapter 24, Section 4

22. Nixon Calls for Law and Order The Silent Majority Nixon had campaigned promising a return to law and order. As President, he strengthened this position, __________ protest against the war. In a 1969 speech, Nixon appealed to those who, he felt, __________ supported his policies. He referred to this group of Americans as “the __________ majority.” Kent State and Jackson State When student antiwar protesters at Kent State University in Ohio reacted angrily to Nixon’s invasion of Cambodia, __________ ordered the National Guard to Kent State. After students threw rocks at the guardsmen, the troops __________ __________, killing and wounding both protesters and __________. The violence at Kent State, and a similar incident at __________ State in Mississippi, horrified Americans. Chapter 24, Section 4

23. Provisions of Peace Settlement Between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Viet Cong,Signed in Paris in January 1973 The United States would __________ all its forces from South Vietnam within __________ days. All prisoners of war would be __________. All parties to the agreement would end military activities in __________ and __________. The __________ parallel would continue to divide North and South Vietnam until the country could be __________. American Withdrawal Chapter 24, Section 4

24. Aftermath of the War in Asia South Vietnam Falls After __________ forces had withdrawn, __________ Vietnam attacked strategic cities in South Vietnam, ending with its __________, Saigon. Following a last-minute evacuation of both __________ soldiers and __________ refugees, South Vietnam surrendered in April __________, and Vietnam became unified under a Communist government. Southeast Asia After the War In April 1975, Cambodia fell to the Khmer Rouge, a __________ force led by Pol Pot. The Khmer Rouge killed a quarter of the __________ population, claiming they were “__________” with Western ways. Vietnam’s new leaders forced hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese into “__________ camps”; refugees from Vietnam, Cambodia, and newly Communist __________ fled their home countries. Chapter 24, Section 4

25. The Legacy of the War With a cost of at least $ __________ billion, and hundreds of __________ of American soldiers killed or wounded, the Vietnam War was the longest and least successful war in __________ history. __________ of American soldiers who did not return home after the war were listed as POWs (prisoners of war) or MIAs (missing in action). Many remain __________ for today. In Vietnam, millions were dead or wounded, many of them civilians. The war also heavily damaged the __________ of Vietnam. In 1994, the United States lifted its trade __________ against Vietnam; in 1995, full __________ relations were restored. Chapter 24, Section 4

26. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Designed by 21-year old Maya Ying Lin and completed in 1982, the Vietnam Veterans __________ stands near the __________ Memorial in Washington, D.C. It consists of a long wall of black granite, listing the names of every American who died in the Vietnam War. Since its __________, visitors have added to the memorial by leaving personal tokens at the wall in memory of their loved ones. Chapter 24, Section 4