1. INTRODUCTION TO CELLS

2. Eukaryotic Cells
Animal Cell
Plant Cell

3. Cell Parts Cells – the basic unit of life
Organelles - small structures inside a cell with specific functions.

4. A) Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane
Function: Regulates materials entering and exiting the cell.
Structure: Two layers of phospholipids, proteins
Analogy – Lyndhurst city limits

5. B) Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
Function: All cell contents that lie between the cell membrane and the nucleus. (organelles + cytosol)
a. Cytosol = liquid portion/non-organelles.
Structure: made up of fluid and organelles except for nucleus
Analogy – All air, water, life that are in Lyndhurst, except City Hall

6. C) Nucleus Function: “Control Center.” Regulates DNA & RNA actions.
Structure: membrane bound, contains DNA
Analogy – City Hall

7. D) Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Envelope
Function: Regulates what enters or exits the nucleus.
Structure: Double Layer of Lipids

8. E) Nucleolus
Nucleolus
Function: Produces RNA, which are used to make all proteins.
Structure: Inside Nucleus, separate from DNA
Analogy – The Mayor

9. F) DNA Function: information on how to make proteins.
DNA (chromatin)
Function: information on how to make proteins.
Chromatin – unorganized DNA (normal state)
Chromosomes – organized DNA (present before cell division
Structure: Made up of nucleotides, locked in the nucleus
Analogy – The Laws or City Code

10. G) Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Function: Transportation route for proteins.
Rough ER: has ribosomes
Smooth ER: no ribosomes
Structure: tubes and channels
Analogy – Roads & Sidewalks

11. H) Ribosomes Function: Makes proteins.
Free Ribosomes
Function: Makes proteins.
Structure: small circular organelles
Analogy – Restaurants, Factories, Builders.

12. I) Vacuoles and Vesicles
Function: Storage for water, nutrients or waste.
Structure: small membrane-bound organelle.
Analogy – Grocery stores, water tanks.

13. J) Lysosomes
Lysosomes
Function: packets of enzymes that break down materials in a cell.
Structure: Small membrane-bound organelles
Analogy – Recycling center

14. K) Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Function: Produce energy for the cell – site of cellular respiration. “The Powerhouse”
Structure: Double membrane-bound, kidney shaped.
Analogy – PG&E, Electric Companies

15. L) Golgi Apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
Function: Packages, labels and ships proteins out of the cell.
Structure: Pancake-shaped layered organelle
Analogy – Post Office

16. M) Cytoskeleton Analogy – Wood, cement, steel beams
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Function: Provide support and structure for the cell.
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Structure: Tubules
Analogy – Wood, cement, steel beams

17. N) Centrioles (Animals Only)
Function: microtubules that help divide the cell during cell division.
Structure: Tubules
Analogy – Lyndhurst vs. North Arlington

18. O) Cilia & Flagella Analogy – Cars or bicycles.
Function: provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell.
Structure:
Flagella – 1 long fiber
Cilia – many short fibers
Analogy – Cars or bicycles.

19. O) Cilia & Flagella Analogy – Cars or bicycles.
Function: provides movement for the cell or objects moving by the cell.
Structure:
Flagella – 1 long fiber
Cilia – many short fibers
Analogy – Cars or bicycles.

20. P) Chloroplasts (Plants only)
Function: site of photosynthesis (converting sun and CO2 into sugar).
Structure: Membrane bound organelles that contain chlorophyll
Analogy – Solar Panels

21. Q) Cell Wall (Plant cells only)
Function: Provides support for the cell and the plant.
Structure: Made of cellulose
Analogy – ground, rock wall