1. ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF CELLS 1

2. What is a Cell? 2

3. Cell  Structure,.  DNA 3

4. Cell 4  hens’ eggs  The ostrich egg

5. Early Cell Biologists  Van Leeuwenhoek  Hooke  Schleiden  Schwann  Virchow 5

6. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 6

7. Robert Hooke  cork 7

8. What Hooke saw… 8 Illustration from Robert Hooke's Micrographia, in which he proposed that living things were composed of minute structures called "cells."

9. Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden German botanist Theodor Schwann German physiologist Rudolf Virchow German pathologist 9

10. Cell Theory Schleiden & Schwann 1839 Virchow 1858 10

11. Landmarks in Cell Biology  1595: Jansen (Holland) - 1 st compound microscope (>1 lens)  1626: Redi - argue against spontaneous generation  1655: Hooke - “cells” in cork  1674: Leeuwenhoek - protozoans  1833: Brown - cell nucleus  1839: Cell Theory (S & S)  1840: von Roelliker - sperm/egg are also cells  1857: Kolliker - mitochondria 11

12. Landmarks in Cell Biology  1858: Virchow – cells from pre-existing cells  1869: Miescher – DNA  1879: Flemming – chromosome behavior during mitosis  1898: Golgi – golgi apparatus  1939: 1 st TEM  1953: Watson, Crick, Wilkins – DNA double helix  1965: 1 st commercial SEM 12

13. PROKARYOTIC CELLS ARE STRUCTURALLY SIMPLE, BUT THERE ARE MANY TYPES OF THEM 13

14. Every cell on earth is either…  a eukaryotic cell (from the Greek for “true nucleus”) 14

15. …OR a prokaryote sulfur in deep sea hydrothermal vents hydrogen sun 15

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17. Typical Prokaryotes 17

18. EUKARYOTIC CELLS HAVE COMPARTMENTS WITH SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS. 18

19. Eukaryotes… 19

20. Eukaryotes…  1.5 billion years after prokaryotes  Protista: 20

21. Eukaryotic cells have organelles. 21

22. 22

23. Which feature below is only found in eukaryotic cells? 1. Ribosomes 2. DNA 3. Cell membrane 4. Mitochondria 23

24. Endosymbiosis Theory  chloroplasts (plants/algae)  mitochondria (plants/animals)  2 different types of prokaryotes  close partnerships w/each other 24

25. Endosymbiosis Theory 25

26. evidence supports the theory that mitochondria and chloroplasts were originally bacteria 1. Circular DNA is present in both organelles. 2. Both organelles are larger than other organelles in the cell. 3. Both organelles are surrounded by a single lipid bilayer. 26

27. CELL MEMBRANES ARE GATEKEEPERS. 27

28. All cells are bordered by plasma membranes 28

29. Plasma Membranes  lipid bilayer - phospholipids  head:  2 legs are long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms.  hydrophilic head 29

30. Plasma Membranes  phospholipid bilayer 30

31. 31

32. Molecules within the plasma membrane 32

33. What determines whether a protein resides on the surface or extends through the bilayer?  protein side chains 33

34. What determines whether a protein resides on the surface or extends through the bilayer?  transmembrane protein  peripheral membrane proteins 34

35. There are four primary types of membrane proteins, each of which performs a different function. 35

36. The Plasma Membrane – “Fluid Mosaic” In addition to proteins, two other molecules are found in the plasma membrane:  Short, branched carbohydrate chains  Cholesterol 36

37. Smallmouth Bass and Yellow Perch are considered warm water fish, whereas certain species of char are found in the arctic. Which fish do you think might have the most cholesterol in the membranes of its cells? 1. Smallmouth Bass 2. Yellow Perch 3. Arctic char 37

38. Faulty membranes can cause disease. 38  What is Cystic Fibrosis? What is Cystic Fibrosis?

39. Why do “beta blockers” reduce anxiety? 39

40. Membrane surfaces have a “fingerprint” that identifies the cell. 40

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