1. “Standard Model” of particles in the universe
Figure 13.2: Radioactive elements may emit three types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation called gamma rays; fast-moving electrons called beta particles; and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. If radioactive material is placed at the bottom of a hole in a lead block, radiation will be emitted through the top. If the beam passes through an electric field, it will separate into the three types of radiation.

2. Structure of Neutron and Proton
Figure 13.2: Radioactive elements may emit three types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation called gamma rays; fast-moving electrons called beta particles; and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. If radioactive material is placed at the bottom of a hole in a lead block, radiation will be emitted through the top. If the beam passes through an electric field, it will separate into the three types of radiation.

3. Structure of Helium
Figure 13.2: Radioactive elements may emit three types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation called gamma rays; fast-moving electrons called beta particles; and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. If radioactive material is placed at the bottom of a hole in a lead block, radiation will be emitted through the top. If the beam passes through an electric field, it will separate into the three types of radiation.

4. Why isn’t the atomic mass 4 (actually 4.0028 amu)?
Structure of Helium
Figure 13.2: Radioactive elements may emit three types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation called gamma rays; fast-moving electrons called beta particles; and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. If radioactive material is placed at the bottom of a hole in a lead block, radiation will be emitted through the top. If the beam passes through an electric field, it will separate into the three types of radiation.
Why isn’t the atomic mass 4 (actually amu)?

5. Why isn’t the atomic mass 4 (actually 4.0028 amu)?
Structure of Helium
Figure 13.2: Radioactive elements may emit three types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation called gamma rays; fast-moving electrons called beta particles; and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. If radioactive material is placed at the bottom of a hole in a lead block, radiation will be emitted through the top. If the beam passes through an electric field, it will separate into the three types of radiation.
Why isn’t the atomic mass 4 (actually amu)?
 Nuclear Binding Energy!

6. Why isn’t the atomic mass 4 (actually 4.0028 amu)?
 Nuclear Binding Energy!
Mass of one neutron: amu
Mass of one proton: amu
2 x neutron + 2 x proton = amu
Figure 13.2: Radioactive elements may emit three types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation called gamma rays; fast-moving electrons called beta particles; and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. If radioactive material is placed at the bottom of a hole in a lead block, radiation will be emitted through the top. If the beam passes through an electric field, it will separate into the three types of radiation.

7. Why isn’t the atomic mass 4 (actually 4.0028 amu)?
 Nuclear Binding Energy!
Mass of one neutron: amu
Mass of one proton: amu
2 x neutron + 2 x proton = amu
SO….Nuclear Binding Energy = – = amu
Or, 4.82 x kg
But, E = mc2 = (4.82 x kg)(3 x 108 m/s)2 = 4.3 x J
(Joining the neutrons and protons to make helium nucleus releases the energy)
Figure 13.2: Radioactive elements may emit three types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation called gamma rays; fast-moving electrons called beta particles; and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. If radioactive material is placed at the bottom of a hole in a lead block, radiation will be emitted through the top. If the beam passes through an electric field, it will separate into the three types of radiation.

8. Why isn’t the atomic mass 4 (actually 4.0028 amu)?
 Nuclear Binding Energy!
Mass of one neutron: amu
Mass of one proton: amu
2 x neutron + 2 x proton = amu
SO….Nuclear Binding Energy = – = amu
Or, 4.82 x kg
But, E = mc2 = (4.82 x kg)(3 x 108 m/s)2 = 4.3 x J
One gram of helium (by fusion) = burning 23 tons of coal
Figure 13.2: Radioactive elements may emit three types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation called gamma rays; fast-moving electrons called beta particles; and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. If radioactive material is placed at the bottom of a hole in a lead block, radiation will be emitted through the top. If the beam passes through an electric field, it will separate into the three types of radiation.

11. Figure 13.5: The nucleus of the carbon atom has a positive charge of 6. It is surrounded by six electrons, arranged in two major shells. The number of protons gives the element its atomic number.

12. Figure 13.8: Isotopes of hydrogen.

13. Figure 13.8: Isotopes of hydrogen.

14. Figure 13.8: Isotopes of hydrogen.

15. Radioactive Decay: Alpha, Beta, Gamma
Figure 13.2: Radioactive elements may emit three types of radiation: electromagnetic radiation called gamma rays; fast-moving electrons called beta particles; and alpha particles, which are the nuclei of helium atoms. If radioactive material is placed at the bottom of a hole in a lead block, radiation will be emitted through the top. If the beam passes through an electric field, it will separate into the three types of radiation.

16. Radioactive Decay: Alpha Decay (atom loses helium nucleus)

17. Radioactive Decay: Beta Decay (atom loses electron; neutron turns to proton)

18. Radioactive Decay: Electron Capture (proton turns into neutron)

20. Zircon Crystals: Good for trapping in Uranium and Lead atoms
(The oldest known zircon crystal in the solar system, from an Apollo 17 Moon rock: 4.42 billion years old)

22. Meteorites – oldest rocks on Earth
Allende meteorite (carbonaceous chondrite)

23. The end result is a stable isotope (for U-238  Pb-206)
Radioactive cascade
The end result is a stable isotope (for U-238  Pb-206)
Figure 13.9: Example of radioactive decay: the beginning of decay of 238U.

24. A Quick Look at Nuclear Power U.S. Electricity Sector - Nuclear
nuclear power is major player in U.S. electricity industry
19. 4 % of electricity
third major source behind:
coal: 46.6 %
natural gas: 21.5 %
characteristics:
despite no new plants since 1970s, percentage of electricity it produces has been growing
many plants being re-licensed for another years
U.S. safety record has been stellar
no fatalities, no injuries

25. A Quick Look at Nuclear Power U.S. Electricity Sector

26. A Quick Look at Nuclear Power Global Electricity Sector

27. A Quick Look at Nuclear Power Global Electricity Sector

28. A Quick Look at Nuclear Power Global Electricity Sector

29. A Quick Look at Nuclear Power Global Electricity Sector
61 new reactors (NEI, 2010)
Taiwan – 2; Iran -1; Pakistan -1

30. Nuclear Physics Fundamental Forces

31. Nuclear Physics Balancing Nuclear Forces

32. Nuclear Physics Binding Curve

33. Nuclear Physics Nuclear Transformations
the nuclear structure of atoms is changed by three different mechanisms:
fission: splitting of heavy nuclei into two lighter ones with the releases of neutrons and energy
spontaneous
neutron-induced
fusion: combining of two nuclei to make a new, heavier nuclei
new nuclei has less mass than sum of two original nuclei
radioactive decay: spontaneous emission of either particle or electromagnetic radiation by nuclei
particle: alpha, beta, electron capture
electromagnetic: gamma
these processes are not influenced by physical conditions, e.g. pressure, temperature, etc.

34. Nuclear Physics Binding Curve
Fission
Fusion

36. Nuclear Physics Nuclide Chart

37. Nuclear Physics Nuclide Chart
The nuclide shows the 254 naturally-occurring stable isotopes (black) that form the stable band. In addition, there are another about 46 radioactive isotopes with relatively long lives. In all the, nuclide chart depicts the 3,000 or so known isotopes. Of these the vast majority are human produced with very short half-lifes.

38. Nuclear Physics Nuclide Chart: Decay Mechanisms
P = Parent
D = Daughter

39. Nuclear Physics Nuclide Chart: Decay Mechanisms

40. Nuclear Physics Nuclide Chart: Decay Mechanisms

41. Nuclear Physics Nuclide Chart: Decay Mechanisms

42. Nuclide Chart for Elements up to Carbon

43. Is Be10 stable?

44. Is Be10 stable?
What does it decay to?

45. Is Be10 stable?
What does it decay to?
How long does it take?

46. Is Be10 stable?
What does it decay to?
How long does it take?
Is B7 stable?

47. Is Be10 stable?
What does it decay to?
How long does it take?
Is B7 stable?

48. Is Be10 stable?
What does it decay to?
How long does it take?
Is B7 stable?

49. Is Be10 stable?
What does it decay to?
How long does it take?
Is B7 stable?
Is C14 stable?

50. Is Be10 stable?
What does it decay to?
How long does it take?
Is B7 stable?
Is C14 stable?

51. Is Be10 stable? What does it decay to? How long does it take?
Is B7 stable?
Is C14 stable?
N14

52. Nuclear Physics Nuclide Chart: Stability Regions & Decay Mechanisms

54. When Uranium-235 decays naturally, it decays to Lead-207
How is this possible?

55. When Uranium-235 decays naturally, it decays to Lead-207
How is this possible? It goes through a cascade of decays

56. HOWEVER, if Uranium-235 is bombarded with a neutron, it can split during a FISSION EVENT to form two different isotopes:

57. Nuclear Physics Fission Reactions
two primary fission reactions occurring in a light water reactor are:

58. There are no stable isotopes of Uranium
 the nucleus is too big

59. There are no stable isotopes of Uranium  the nucleus is too big

61. Nuclear Physics Chain Reaction

62. Nuclear Physics Fissile vs. Fertile Isotopes
fissile: isotopes that can sustain a chain reaction through fissions induced by thermal neutrons
235U: naturally-occurring
0.7 % of natural U
233U: not naturally-occurring
239Pu : not naturally-occurring
fertile: isotope that can be converted to fissile isotope by neutron capture of a thermal neutron
232Th: naturally-occurring
only thorium isotope
238U: naturally-occurring
99.3 % of natural U

63. Reactor Design Thermal Electricity Generation
Reactor Types:
Light Water Reactor: (Uses ordinary water)
BWR: Boiling-Water Reactor
PWR: Pressurized-Water Reactor
Heavy Water Reactor (Uses water containing deuterium)