1. EE 3220: Digital Communication Dr. Hassan Yousif Ahmed Department of Electrical Engineering College of Engineering at Wadi Aldwasser Slman bin Abdulaziz University 1 Lec-4: Signal Space

2. Last time we talked about: Dr Hassan Yousif 2 Receiver structure Impact of AWGN and ISI on the transmitted signal Optimum filter to maximize SNR Matched filter receiver and Correlator receiver

3. Receiver job Dr Hassan Yousif 3 Demodulation and sampling: Waveform recovery and preparing the received signal for detection: Improving the signal power to the noise power (SNR) using matched filter Reducing ISI using equalizer Sampling the recovered waveform Detection: Estimate the transmitted symbol based on the received sample

4. Receiver structure Dr Hassan Yousif 4 Frequency down-conversion Receiving filter Equalizing filter Threshold comparison For bandpass signals Compensation for channel induced ISI Baseband pulse (possibly distored)‏ Sample (test statistic)‏ Baseband pulse Received waveform Step 1 – waveform to sample transformation Step 2 – decision making Demodulate & SampleDetect

5. Implementation of matched filter receiver Dr Hassan Yousif 5 Bank of M matched filters Matched filter output: Observation vector

6. Implementation of correlator receiver Dr Hassan Yousif 6 Bank of M correlators Correlators output: Observation vector

7. Today, we are going to talk about: Dr Hassan Yousif 7 Detection: Estimate the transmitted symbol based on the received sample Signal space used for detection Orthogonal N-dimensional space Signal to waveform transformation and vice versa

8. Signal space Dr Hassan Yousif 8 What is a signal space? Vector representations of signals in an N-dimensional orthogonal space Why do we need a signal space? It is a means to convert signals to vectors and vice versa. It is a means to calculate signals energy and Euclidean distances between signals. Why are we interested in Euclidean distances between signals? For detection purposes: The received signal is transformed to a received vectors. The signal which has the minimum distance to the received signal is estimated as the transmitted signal.

9. Schematic example of a signal space Dr Hassan Yousif 9 Transmitted signal alternatives Received signal at matched filter output

10. Signal space Dr Hassan Yousif 10 To form a signal space, first we need to know the inner product between two signals (functions): Inner (scalar) product: Properties of inner product: = cross-correlation between x(t) and y(t)

11. Signal space … Dr Hassan Yousif 11 The distance in signal space is measure by calculating the norm. What is norm? Norm of a signal: Norm between two signals: We refer to the norm between two signals as the Euclidean distance between two signals. = “length” of x(t)‏

12. Example of distances in signal space Dr Hassan Yousif 12 The Euclidean distance between signals z(t) and s(t):

13. Orthogonal signal space Dr Hassan Yousif 13 N-dimensional orthogonal signal space is characterized by N linearly independent functions called basis functions. The basis functions must satisfy the orthogonality condition where If all, the signal space is orthonormal.

14. Example of an orthonormal basis Dr Hassan Yousif 14 Example: 2-dimensional orthonormal signal space Example: 1-dimensional orthonormal signal space Tt 0 0 0

15. Signal space … Dr Hassan Yousif 15 Any arbitrary finite set of waveforms where each member of the set is of duration T, can be expressed as a linear combination of N orthonogal waveforms where. where Vector representation of waveform Waveform energy

16. Signal space … Dr Hassan Yousif 16 Waveform to vector conversionVector to waveform conversion

17. Example of projecting signals to an orthonormal signal space Dr Hassan Yousif 17 Transmitted signal alternatives

18. Signal space – cont’d Dr Hassan Yousif 18 To find an orthonormal basis functions for a given set of signals, the Gram-Schmidt procedure can be used. Gram-Schmidt procedure: Given a signal set, compute an orthonormal basis 1. Define 2. For compute If let If, do not assign any basis function. 3. Renumber the basis functions such that basis is This is only necessary if for any i in step 2. Note that

19. Example of Gram-Schmidt procedure Dr Hassan Yousif 19 Find the basis functions and plot the signal space for the following transmitted signals: Using Gram-Schmidt procedure: Tt Tt -AA 0 0 0 Tt 0 1 2

20. Implementation of the matched filter receiver Dr Hassan Yousif 20 Bank of N matched filters Observation vector

21. Implementation of the correlator receiver Dr Hassan Yousif 21 Bank of N correlators Observation vector

22. Example of matched filter receivers using basic functions Dr Hassan Yousif 22 Number of matched filters (or correlators) is reduced by 1 compared to using matched filters (correlators) to the transmitted signal. Reduced number of filters (or correlators) ‏ Tt Tt Tt 0 1 matched filter Tt 0 0 0

23. White noise in the orthonormal signal space Dr Hassan Yousif 23 AWGN, n(t), can be expressed as Noise projected on the signal space which impacts the detection process. Noise outside on the signal space Vector representation of independent zero-mean Gaussain random variables with variance