1. Jim Crow Laws A shameful time in our history

2. On January 1, 1863, President Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared freedom for all slaves residing in states who were in rebellion against the federal government. This meant that at least in the Southern States (the rebels of the Confederacy), slavery was considered illegal. While the Proclamation was initially purely political, it was seen as an enormous victory and defining moment for slaves throughout the country. However, the idea of freedom in its purest sense was never achieved. Individual states instilled laws known as “black codes,” which denied blacks the civil and political rights held by whites, including restrictions on land ownership, labor, and voting.

3. Unfortunately for Blacks, the Supreme Court helped undermine the Constitutional protections of Blacks with the infamous Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) case, which legitimized Jim Crow laws and the Jim Crow way of life. Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-Black laws. It was a way of life. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens. Jim Crow represented the legitimization of anti-Black racism. Many Christian ministers and theologians taught that Whites were the Chosen people, Blacks were cursed to be servants, and God supported racial segregation.

4. The term Jim Crow originated in a song performed by Daddy Rice, a white minstrel show entertainer in the 1830s. Rice covered his face with charcoal paste or burnt cork to resemble a black man, and then sang and danced a routine in caricature of a silly black person.

5. White audiences were receptive to the portrayals of Blacks as singing, dancing, grinning fools. By 1838, the term "Jim Crow" was being used as a collective racial epithet for Blacks, not as offensive as the “n” word, but offensive in its own right.

6. Rice, and his imitators, by their stereotypical depictions of Blacks, helped to popularize the belief that Blacks were lazy, stupid, inherently less human, and unworthy of integration. Ironically, years later when Blacks replaced White minstrels, the Blacks also "blackened" their faces, thereby pretending to be Whites pretending to be Blacks. They, too, performed the shows which dehumanized Blacks and helped establish the desirability of racial segregation.

7. The Jim Crow system was undergirded by the following beliefs or rationalizations: – Whites were superior to Blacks in all important ways, including but not limited to intelligence, morality, and civilized behavior – sexual relations between Blacks and Whites would produce a mongrel race which would destroy America; – treating Blacks as equals would encourage interracial sexual unions – any activity which suggested social equality encouraged interracial sexual relations – if necessary, violence must be used to keep Blacks at the bottom of the racial hierarchy.

8. The following Jim Crow etiquette norms show how inclusive and pervasive these norms were:

9. A Black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a White male because it implied being socially equal. Obviously, a Black male could not offer his hand or any other part of his body to a White woman, because he risked being accused of rape. Blacks and Whites were not supposed to eat together. If they did eat together, Whites were to be served first, and some sort of partition was to be placed between them. Under no circumstance was a Black male to offer to light the cigarette of a White female -- that gesture implied intimacy.

10. Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially kissing, because it offended Whites. Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that Blacks were introduced to Whites, never Whites to Blacks. For example: "Mr. Peters (the White person), this is Charlie (the Black person), that I spoke to you about."

11. Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to Blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or Ma'am. Instead, Blacks were called by their first names. Blacks had to use courtesy titles when referring to Whites, and were not allowed to call them by their first names. If a Black person rode in a car driven by a White person, the Black person sat in the back seat, or the back of a truck. White motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections.

12. Jim Crow signs were placed above water fountains, door entrances and exits, and in front of public facilities. There were separate hospitals for Blacks and Whites, separate prisons, separate public and private schools, separate churches, separate cemeteries, separate public restrooms, and separate public accommodations. In most instances, the Black facilities were grossly inferior - - generally, older, less-well-kept. In other cases, there were no Black facilities -- no Colored public restroom, no public beach, no place to sit or eat.

13. The Jim Crow laws and system of etiquette were solidified by violence, real and threatened. Blacks who violated Jim Crow norms, for example, drinking from the White water fountain or trying to vote, risked their homes, their jobs, even their lives. Whites could physically beat Blacks without the fear of being punished. Blacks had little legal recourse against these assaults because the Jim Crow criminal justice system was all- White: police, prosecutors, judges, juries, and prison officials.

14. Violence was instrumental for Jim Crow. It was a method of social control. The most extreme forms of Jim Crow violence were lynchings. Lynchings were public, often sadistic, murders carried out by mobs. Between 1882, when the first reliable data were collected, and 1968, when lynchings had become rare, there were 4,730 known lynchings, including 3,440 Black men and women.

15. Jim Crow Laws North Carolina Stephanie Mayes, Catie Hunt, Jon Witt

16. North Carolina 1873- prohibited interracial marriages. 1875- White and black to be taught in different public schools. 1899- black and whites not to ride together on steamboats or trains. 1903- no children with “black blood” can attend school with white kids.

17. Jim Crow Laws 1907- Blacks to sit in the back of street cars. 1919- colored patients to be cared for by colored nurses. 1921- miscegenation declared a felony. 1925- seats on bus to be segregated. 1931- Indians also had to attend separate schools.

18. North Carolina 1933- prisons segregated by race. 1947- cemetery also segregated. 1952- no colored troops to be accepted when white troop available. 1956- segregated bathrooms in public factories. 1957- no child forced to attend school with kids of different race.

19. Jim Crow Laws in Oklahoma and Virginia Destiny Dean Cody Wolfe John Thompson Corbin Bright

20. Jim Crow Laws in Oklahoma 1890: Education [Statute] Every three years an election for school electors to be held to vote for or against separate schools for white and colored children. 1907: Education [Constitution] Separate schools for white and colored children to be provided by the legislature. 1907: Voting rights [Statute] Required electors to read and write any section of the state Constitution. Exempted those who were enfranchised on January 1, 1866, and lineal descendants of such persons. Declared unconstitutional in 1915; however, provision for literacy was upheld. 1908: Miscegenation [Statute] Unlawful for a person of African descent to marry any person not of African descent. Penalty: Felony punishable by a fine of up to $500 and imprisonment from one to five years in the penitentiary. 1921: Education [Statute] Misdemeanor for a teacher to teach white and colored children in the same school. Penalty: Cancellation of teaching certificate without renewal for one year.

21. Jim Crow Laws in Oklahoma 1925: Entertainment [City Ordinance] Black bands were prohibited from marching with white bands in Oklahoma City parades. Also, white Golden Gloves boxers were prohibited from sparring against black boxers. 1937: Public carriers [Statute] Public carriers to be segregated. 1949: Health Care [Statute] Called for a consolidated Negro institution to care for blind, deaf and orphans. 1954: Public accommodations [Statute] Separate restrooms in mines required. 1957: Adoption [Statute] Adoption petitions must state race of petitioner and child.

22. Jim Crow Laws in Virginia 1870: Education [Statute] Prohibited white and colored children from being taught in the same school. 1878: Miscegenation [Statute] White persons who intermarried with a colored person would be confined in the penitentiary between two and five years. Ministers who performed such ceremonies were to be fined $200, of which the informer received half. "White and colored persons going out of the state to marry, shall be punished as if married in the state." 1901: Streetcars [City Ordinance] Alexandria streetcars required to have separate compartments for white and black passengers. Penalty: Passengers who refused to occupy the place assigned to them were guilty of a misdemeanor and could be fined from $5 to $25. 1930: Public accommodation [State Code] Required segregation in every theater, movie theater, opera house or other place of public entertainment which accepts both white and colored audiences.

23. Jim Crow Laws in Virginia 1930: Race classification [State Code] Classified "Negro" as any person with Negro blood. 1930: Education [State Code] Required racially segregated schools. 1950: Voting rights [State Code] Required electors to pay poll tax. 1950: Public carriers [State Code] Public carriers to be segregated. 1950: Health Care [State Code] Establishment of separate hospitals for colored insane and epileptic patients. 1958: Education [State Code] Upon enrollment of members of both races, schools must close; control transferred to governor. 1960: Athletics [Statute] "…no athletic team of any school shall engage in any athletic contest of any nature within the state of Virginia with another team on which persons of any other race are members."

24. RACIST!: Georgia Hayden Wadell Jordan Kraus Lindsey Neutz Brent Renninger

25. There were 27 Jim Crow Laws in the state of Georgia One of the laws forbid black barbers to service white children under the age of fourteen The laws even limited education

26. In 1877 laws were passed that stated free education for all children but separate schooling for blacks and whites. In 1891, a law for railroadswas passed stating that whites and blacks must be in separate cars. The races were sperated.

27. In 1958 they made it very difficult for black people to vote in elections. In 1949 they made you answer ten out of thirty questions right to make your vote count. In 1955 they repealed their voting tax to prevent blacks from voting

28. In 1958, segregation was imposed upon public transportation In 1908, separate eating and sleeping accommodations were made for black and white prisoners In 1926, anyone with ¼ “negro blood” was considered a “negro.”

29. Jim Crow Laws New Mexico Paige Vittitow Taylor Archer

30. New Mexico laws No segregation laws were made in New Mexico between 1865 and the earliest twentieth century. 1885: Barred public accommodations segregation No person could be excluded from public access to inns, public transportation, or places of public entertainment based on race, color, or previous servitude. Penalty: Fine up to $100. 1886: Barred anti-miscegenation Repealed anti-miscegenation law. 1901: Barred school segregation Unlawful to deny admission to a student on the basis of race or nationality. Penalty: Misdemeanor, with a fine between $50 and $100 and imprisonment in county jail for three months, and shall be "forever barred form teaching school or from holding any office of honor or profit in this territory."

31. New Mexico laws cont. 1907: Education "Separate rooms [shall] be provided for the teaching of pupils of African descent, and [when] said rooms are so provided, such pupils may not be admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or other descent. (Martin Luther King, Jr. NHS) 1910: Voting A Constitutional amendment passed in 1910 declared "The right of any citizen of the state to vote... shall never be restricted, abridged, or impaired on account of... inability to speak, read, or write the English or Spanish languages..." Furthermore, in another part of the state constitution, it states, "Children of Spanish descent... shall never be denied the right and privilege of admission and attendance in the public schools... and they shall never be classed in separate schools, but shall foreover enjoy perfect equality with other children in all public schools of the state." 1910: Protected voting rights Declared "The right of any citizen of the state to vote…shall never be restricted, abridged, or impaired on account of…inability to speak, read, or write the English or Spanish languages, except as may otherwise be provided by this Constitution."

32. New Mexico laws cont. 1911: Barred school segregation Free public schools open to all children of school age to be established and maintained. "Children of Spanish descent in the State of New Mexico shall never be denied the right and privilege of admission and attendance in the public schools or other public educational institutions of the State, and they shall never be classed in separate schools, but shall forever enjoy perfect equality with other children in all public schools and educational institutions of the State.“ 1923: Civil Rights Protection Prohibited discrimination in the selection of jurors. 1925: Civil Rights Protection Outlawed racial discrimination. Penalty: Criminal prosecution. 1928: Voting rights protection For the first time permitted men and women who did not own property to vote in city elections.

33. New Mexico laws cont. 1938: Civil Rights Protection Strengthened earlier 1885 civil rights act. 1941: Employment Protection Established Commission on Employment of the Negro. 1949: Employment Protection Established Fair Employment Practices Commission 1954: Barred anti-miscegenation Repealed anti-miscegenation statute. 1956: Barred school segregation Prohibited exclusion from public schools on account of race. Penalty: up to $50, or up to 30 days imprisonment.

34. New Mexico laws cont. 1956: Barred public accommodation segregation Outlawed discrimination in places of public accommodation. Penalty: misdemeanor, up to $100 and up to 30 days imprisonment. 1957: Barred school segregation No segregated schools to be maintained.

35. Jim Crow Laws in Mississippi and Missouri Brianna Long, Kelsey Outlaw, Conner Hare, Richard Stottman

36. Mississippi Education: 1878 – prohibited teaching white and black children in the same school. 1890 – separate schools to be maintained for white and black children; Separate districts established for white and black children. 1956 – separate schools to be maintained. All state executive officers required to prevent implementation of school segregation decision by “lawful means.” governor may choose a new school if he determines closure to be in best interest of majority of children.

37. Mississippi cont. Miscegenation: 1865 – declared a felony for a freedman, free negro, or mulatto, to intermarry with any white person. Penalty: imprisonment in state penitentiary for life. 1871 – omitted miscegenation or intermarriage statute. 1880 – revised state code to declare marriage between white persons and negros or mulattos, or persons of ¼ or more negro blood as “incestuous and void.” penalty: fine of up to $500 or imprisonment in the penitentiary for 10 years or both. 1890 – prohibited marriage of a white person with a negro or mulatto or person who has 1/8 or more of negro blood.

38. Mississippi cont. Miscegenation cont.: 1906 – prohibited marraige of a white person with a negro or mulatto or a person with 1/8 or more of negro blood, or with an asian or a person with 1/8 mongolian blood. 1920 – persons or corporations who printed or published or circulated written material promoting the acceptance of intermarriage between whites and Negroes would be guilty of a misdemeanor. Penalty: fine up to $500 or up to 6 months imprisonment. 1930 – miscegenation declared a felony. Nullified interracial marriages if parties went to another jurisdiction where intermarriage is legal. Also prevented marriages of persons of the caucasian race and those persons who had 1/8 or more asian blood. 1942 – marriage between white and negro or asian void. Penalty: $500 or up to 10 years in imprisonment.

39. Mississippi cont. Railroad segregation acts: 1865 - unlawful for any freedman, negro, or mulatto to ride in any first class passenger cars used by white persons. Penalty: misdemeanor punished by a fine between $50 - $500 and imprisonment in county jail until fine and cost of prosecution are paid. 1888 – new depot buildings will provide separate rooms for the sexes and the races if named proper by the board. Equal but separate accommodations to be provided for white and colored passengers.penalty: misdemeanor for railroad companies for failing to comply up to $500. conductors who failed to enforce the law could be fined from $25-$50 for each offense. 1906 – railroad commisions to provide separate waiting rooms for white and black passengers. separate restrooms were provided also.

40. Mississippi cont. Segregation acts: 1956 – public carriers to be segregated. 1956 – firms and congregations authorized to choose their clientele and the right to refuse service to any person. 1958 – authorized governor to close parts to prevent desegregation.

41. Mississippi cont. Jury selection 1867: negroes declared incompetent to serve as jurers. Street cars 1904: streetcars were to provide equal but separate accommodations for white and colored passengers. Penalties: passengers could be fined $25 or confined up to 30 days in county jail. employees liable for a fine of $25 or confinement up to 30 days in jail. Voting rights 1942: instituted poll tax requirement. Health care 1942: segregated facilities had state charity hospitals and separate entrances at all state hospitals.

42. Missouri Education: 1865 – separate free public schools are required for white and Negro children. 1865 – provides education for all children as long as white children are sent to separate schools from black children. 1875 – separate free public schools shall be established for children of African descent. 1887 – a school for Negro children to be established in districts where there are more than fifteen children of required age. In districts with less than fifteen children, they may attend school in another district with a separate school for Negro children. 1889 – unlawful for any black child to attend any white public school, or for any white child to attend a school for black children. 1929 – required racially segregated schools. 1949 – enabled negroes to enroll in the university of Missouri in cases where they course they took were not available at Lincoln University.

43. Missouri cont. Miscegenation: 1866 - Prohibited all marriages between whites and Negroes. 1879 - Persons with one-eighth or more Negro blood were prohibited from marrying white persons. Penalty: Two years in the penitentiary, or a fine up to $100, or imprisonment in the county jail for three months, or both fine and imprisonment. "A jury could determine the amount of Negro blood from appearance." 1909 - Marriages between white persons and Negroes, or white persons and Asians prohibited. 1929 - Miscegenation declared a felony.Also prohibited marriages between persons of the Caucasian and Asian races. 1949 - Prohibited marriage between white persons and Negroes or white persons and Asians. Penalty: Two years in penitentiary or not less than three months in county jail, fine not less than $100, or both.

44. Alabama & Arizona Cody Caudill and Tyler Tran

45. Alabama Jim Crow Laws 1865: Miscegenation [Constitution] Stated that it was the duty of the general assembly to periodically enact laws prohibiting intermarriage between whites and blacks, or with persons of mixed blood, and to establish penalties. 1867: Miscegenation [State Code] Set penalties for intermarriage and cohabitation between blacks and whites. Penalties: Confinement in the penitentiary at hard labor between two and seven years. Those who issued the license or performed such a ceremony could be fined from $100 to $1,000, or imprisoned for six months, or both. 1875: Education [Constitution] Separate schools to be provided for the children of citizens of African descent

46. Alabama Jim Crow Laws 1957: Education [State Code] No child compelled to attend schools that are racially mixed. 1963: Public accommodations and recreation [City Ordinance] Repeated portions of Birmingham's city code which had prohibited interracial recreation and had required separation of the races in restaurants and places of entertainment, and separate bathrooms for black and white employees. 1915: Health Care [Statute] White female nurses were prohibited from caring for black male patients. 1928: Race classification [State Code] Classified all persons with any Negro blood as colored.

47. Arizona Jim Crow Laws 1865: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriages between whites with "Negroes, mulattoes, Indians, Mongolians" were declared illegal and void. The word "Descendants" does not appear in the statute. 1901: Miscegenation [Statute] Revision of the 1865 statute which added the word "descendants" to the list of minority groups. The revised statutes also stated that marriages would be valid if legal where they were contracted, but noted that Arizona residents could not evade the law by going to another state to perform the ceremony. 1909: Education [Statute] School district trustees were given the authority to segregate black students from white children only where there were more than eight Negro pupils in the school district. The legislature passed the law over a veto by the governor. 1928: Miscegenation [State Code] Forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races.

48. Arizona Jim Crow Laws 1911-1962: Segregation, miscegenation, voting [Statute] Passed six segregation laws: four against miscegenation and two school segregation statutes, and a voting rights statute that required electors to pass a literacy test. The state's miscegenation laws prohibited blacks as well as Indians and Asians from marrying whites, and were not repealed until 1962. 1927: Education [Statute] In areas with 25 or more black high school students, an election would be called to determine if these pupils should be segregated in separate but equal facilities. 1956: Miscegenation [Statute] Marriage of person of "Caucasian blood with Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu void." Native Americans were originally included in an earlier statute, but were deleted by a 1942 amendment.

49. Oliver Radon, Alexia Spalding, Zachary Whitaker, and Megan King Jim Crow Laws “ Florida and Louisiana”

50. Florida 1881- People of different races were not allowed to be together overnight in the same room with anyone over the age of 15 present. Anyone with 1/8 of black blood shall not inter marry someone with no black blood. If so then there shall be no more than one thousand dollar fine, or no less than fifty dollars, or serve a max of five years in prison or no less than six months. 1887- Railroads must sell the same first class opportunities to colored people as offered to whites, but the must be separated by one car or more.

51. Florida Continued 1887 – No white person shall call a colored person anything that is riding in a separate car. No colored nurse shall put a sick person or child in a colored car. 1895 – No white or colored person shall attend the same school, with the same class and same teacher. Every student must be separate in all their studies. 1905 – No white female or male shall be chained or locked up by a law official to a colored person.

52. Florida Continued 1907: Separate waiting rooms for whites and black in railroad depots with separate ticket windows. Penalty for not following was a $5,000 fine. 1909: Separate accommodations for each race. Passengers who failed to comply faced a $500 fine. 1913: Unlawful for white teachers to teach at a colored school and a colored teacher to teach at a white school. Violators faced a $500 fine, or imprisonment for six months.

53. Louisiana 1868: Prohibited separate schools based on race. 1869: Prohibited excluding passengers from railroads, streetcars, steamboats, coaches, or any other vehicle based on race. Anyone the violated the law was eligible for removal if they did not pay the fare, engaged in disorderly conduct, or did an act that hurt the carrier. Penalty was losing of license, closing of business, and offender was liable for any injury to the party.

54. Louisiana continued 1873: Ensured equal public accommodations and carriers. Penalty was the loss of business license. 1890: Railroads must provide equal but separate accommodations for white and black passengers. Penalty- Any passenger or conductor not complying the law will be subject to a $25 fine or imprisonment for 20 days. The law did not apply to streetcars. Anyone that did not file them guilty would be fined $100 to $500. 1894: Intermarriage between whites and blacks is prohibited.

55. Louisiana Continued 1894: Depots must provide separate but equal waiting rooms and ticket windows to both races. Anyone that failed to comply to the demands would be fined $25- $50, or face imprisonment for 30 days. 1898: Public schools for both races must be provided equally. 1902: All streetcars must provide separate but equal accommodations. 1908: It was unlawful for whites and blacks to consume alcohol on the same premises. Misdemeanor

56. Louisiana Continued 1909: Multiple spouses between the white or black races is a felony. Punishment is imprisonment in a parish prison or jail for 2 years with or without labor. 1912: Building permits for blacks in white neighborhoods and white in black neighborhoods is prohibited. The penalty is a $50 to $2,000 fine and the choice of the majority to remove or destroy the building. 1914: All circuses and shows must have separate ticket windows and entrances to the performances for each race.

57. Louisiana Continued 1921: Prohibited black and white families from living in the same dwelling place. 1956: Every facility opened to both blacks and white must have separate bathrooms. All playgrounds, recreation centers, and public parks would be segregated for “public health” purposes.

58. How did it all end? Jim Crow did not officially end until the mid 1960’s. However the damaging effects of this time in our history still live on in the minds of many Americans today.

59. Sources Pilgrim, Dr. David. "Who Was Jim Crow?" Ferris State University: Michigan College Campuses in Big Rapids MI, Grand Rapids MI, Off Campus Locations Across Michigan. Ferris State University, 1 Sept. 2000. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.. Jim Crow Laws. North Carolina. n.d. "Glossary." CSA. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.. "Oklahoma Jim Crow." The History of Jim Crow. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.. “Virginia Jim Crow." The History of Jim Crow. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.. Georgia Jim Crow." The History of Jim Crow. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.. http://www.jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/lawsoutside.cgi?state=New%20Mexico "Missouri Jim Crow." Jim Crow Laws: Missouri. Jim Crow History, n.d. Web. 1 Nov 2011.. "Mississippi Jim Crow." Jim Crow Laws: Mississippi. Jim Crow History, n.d. Web. 1 Nov 2011.. "Alabama Jim Crow." The History of Jim Crow. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.. "List of Jim Crow Law Examples by State." Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. 2011. Web. 01 Nov. 2011.. “Florida Jim Crow.” The History of Jim Crow. N.p.,n.d. Web. 1 Nov. 2011. http://jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/state=florida. http://jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/state=florida “Louisiana Jim Crow.” The History of Jim Crow. N.p., n.d. Web. 2 Nov. 2011. http://jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/state=louisiana. http://jimcrowhistory.org/scripts/jimcrow/state=louisiana