1. 2nd PHIS Graduate Conference Copenhagen

2. Topics

3. Indexical Expressions

4. Topics Indexical Expressions Reference

5. Topics Indexical Expressions Reference Goals of my thesis

6. Topics Indexical Expressions Reference Goals of my thesis Sample Puzzle

7. Topics Indexical Expressions Reference Goals of my thesis Sample Puzzle Referential Opacity

8. Topics Indexical Expressions Reference Goals of my thesis Sample Puzzle Referential Opacity Multiple Referentiality

9. What are indexicals?

10.  They are lexicalized classes of expressions.

11. What are indexicals?  They are lexicalized classes of expressions.  There are mixed uses of indexicals.

12. What is reference? The notion is equivocal: (1)Semantic Reference: A singular term refers to an object. (2)Speaker Reference: A speaker uses a singular term to refer to an object.

13. Goals of my Thesis 1)Explain indexical speaker reference in terms of semantic reference of indexicals. 2)Find a formal system that... a)adequately deals with indexicals b)makes the difference between semantic and speaker reference explicit c)correctly deals with the „puzzles“ involved (e.g. essential indexicals / quasi-indicators)

14. Kaplan‘s Burning Pants

15. His pants are burning!My pants aren‘t burning.

16. Kaplan‘s Burning Pants His pants are burning!My pants are burning. ≠

17. Kaplan‘s Burning Pants His pants are burning! 3rd person observer

18. Belief Ascriptions He believes that his pants are burning. (1) He believes that his pants are burning.3rd Person: (2) My pants are burning. (3) His pants are burning. 1st Person:

19. Belief Ascriptions He believes that his pants are burning. (1) He believes that his pants are burning.3rd Person: (2) My pants are burning. (3) His pants are burning. 1st Person: 1.In the context, my and his are co-referential.

20. Belief Ascriptions He believes that his pants are burning. (1) He believes that his pants are burning.3rd Person: (2) My pants are burning. (3) His pants are burning. 1st Person: 1.In the context, my and his are co-referential. 2.The third person ascription seems to be ambiguous.

21. Belief Ascriptions He believes that his pants are burning. (1) He believes that his pants are burning.3rd Person: (2) My pants are burning. (3) His pants are burning. 1st Person: 1.In the context, my and his are co-referential. 2.The third person ascription seems to be ambiguous. 3.This is a case of referential opacity.

22. Belief Ascriptions He believes that his pants are burning. (1) He believes that his pants are burning.3rd Person: (2) My pants are burning. (3) His pants are burning. 1st Person: 1.In the context, my and his are co-referential. 2.The third person ascription seems to be ambiguous. 3.This is a case of referential opacity. 4.Embedded into belief, his pants has two readings: a)One associated with an utterance disposition of (2). b)One associated with an utterance disposition of (3).

23. Analyses of Belief

24. Multiple Referentiality

25. In the first state, F and G are co-referential.

26. Multiple Referentiality In the first state, F and G are co-referential. In the second state, F and G are distinctly referential.

27. Multiple Referentiality In the first state, F and G are co-referential. In the second state, F and G are distinctly referential. Object a is mapped to two distinct objects b and c.

28. Multiple Referentiality In the first state, F and G are co-referential. In the second state, F and G are distinctly referential. Object a is mapped to two distinct objects b and c. Objects b and c can be viewn as appearances of a.

29. There are many combinations of appearances and singular terms... (1) (2) (3) (4)

30. There are many combinations of appearances and singular terms... (1) (2)...but perhaps not all of them make sense.