1. C spine clearance

2. Clinical clearance 2 rules to remember: Nexus and canadian c-spine rule NEXUS: –Focal neurological deficit –Midline spinal tenderness –ALOC –Intoxication –Distracting injury

3. What is a distracting injury? Original study: Not explicitly stated Other suggestions: Long bone fracture, intra-abdominal injury, degloving injury, large laceration, intracranial injury. Chest injury may be more distracting Injuries may not be distracting at all Are they distracted by pain or ALOC because of analgesia?

4. Canadian C spine rule

5. Ages Caution over 65 Use NEXUS for children Caution under 8

6. Imaging Sensitivity of plain films is ~85% Sensitivity of CT >95% Plain films no good if you have big shoulders

7. What I do Age >65: CT Age 45-65: Probably CT unless very low risk, in which case why image them Age <45 Start with plain films unless high suspicion of injury Young, football player, low suspicion of injury: Go to xray, pull on patient’s arms

8. How to interpret a C-spine film Plain films only! wait on the report for a CT Check film adequacy –All vertebrae covered from skull to T1

9. Alignment: Anterior line, posterior line and spinolaminar line Bones: look through all vertebrae for breaks in cortex Lateral view

10. Disc spaces – should be approximately equal in height Soft tissues: 7mm wide at C2, 2cm wide at C7 Or <1/3 vertebral body above C4 and <100% below C4

11. Check alignment – Lateral edges and spinous processes Spacing – spinous processes should be line up and spaced evenly AP view

12. Adequate if shows the alignment of lateral masses on both sides Distance between the peg and lateral masses should be equal Peg View

13. Swimmers view Get a CT.