1. Non- Governmental Politics of Human Rights IB Global Politics UWC Costa Rica

2. States are not the only actors in the HR sphere Non-State Actors also have an effect on global human rights policy and diplomacy In particular, NGOs (Non-governmental organisations)

3. NGOs are part of civil society Civil society – public political space that is neither the market nor the state Civil society actors can operate nationally or transnationally Today, NGOs are central feature of global human rights regime

4. Amnesty International One of best know examples of transnational human rights NGO Based in London, founded 1961 Over 2,000,000 members and subscribers in over 150 countries https://www.amnesty.org/en/ - check out the link and find out morehttps://www.amnesty.org/en/

5. AI are not the only HRNGO (catchy, huh?) Human Rights Watch – NY based research and advocacy organisationHuman Rights Watch Fédération international de droits de l’homme – umbrella organisation for 155 human rights NGOs globallyFédération international de droits de l’homme Minority Rights Group – London based global advocate for disadvantaged ethnic, national, linguistic, cultural, religious minorities globallyMinority Rights Group International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex AssociationInternational Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association

6. Amnesty International One of best know examples of transnational human rights NGO Based in London, founded 1961 Over 2,000,000 members and subscribers in over 150 countries https://www.amnesty.org/en/ - check out the link and find out morehttps://www.amnesty.org/en/

7. Some other things… Many TNGOs in other areas also include human rights centrally in their mission (despite not being HRNGOs) OXFAM International Médecins Sans Frontières Catholic Relief Services Transnational NGOs are vastly outnumbered by tens of thousands of national groups

8. Resources and Strategies Principal resources are information and energy of ordinary people Strategies include ‘name + shame’ – e.g. Amnesty’s letter writing campaign Aim to embarrass offending governments and mobilize foreign citizens to pressure own governments to act on behalf of victims

9. An example of lobbying… Amnesty International Nederland has membership of 300,000 (out of population of 16.5 million) – approx 1.8% of population Roughly same membership as second largest trades union (CNV) Results in powerful voice for human rights in Dutch foreign policy COMPARISON: NRA in USA has membership of 4.3 million – approx. 1.4% of population and is one of most power lobbying groups in the US.

10. Does non-governmental mean exactly that? Civil society advocacy is deeply embedded in system of sovereign states. Why? Implementing and enforcing human rights is a state responsibility – thus, NGOs have to act on or through states TNGOs increasingly attempt to coordinate with local counterparts – mobilize supporting pressure from states and multilateral actors

11. Assessing NGO Advocacy Important not to idealize human rights NGOs Some are essentially largely ineffective expressions of good intentions Issues of political and financial accountability Lack power of states and diplomatic stature of international organisations Power of public opinion is limited and hard to pin down

12. On the other hand… No other interests to distract them from advocacy Many develop reputations for accuracy and impartiality – use as a resource Important check on ‘tendency of states to allow competing national interests and considerations of diplomatic discretion to mute human rights criticism’ (Donnelly) Key mechanism for spreading awareness of international human rights norms and mobilizing opinion