1. By James J. Todd and Victor J. Perotti Presented by Samuel Crisanto THE VISUAL PERCEPTION OF SURFACE ORIENTATION FROM OPTICAL MOTION

2. What motivates the paper? Scientists were investigating what information is available from motion by studying how people interpreted a series of frames in an animation. In particular, they were wondering: ●How much information is uniquely specified in the optic array? ●How much of that information do human perceptual systems extract?

3. It was shown that: ●You can specify rigid motion from non-rigid motion given ○2 views (frames) ●You can mathematically determine an object’s 3D structure given ○3 distinct views of 4 points What information is uniquely specified in the optic array?

4. Do our perceptual systems extract this information? When you show people a multiple frame sequence: ●They cannot differentiate between structures even though there is sufficient information ●They see a definite 3D shape even if available information is ambiguous ○They give a “highly reliable answer…[that exhibits] systematic biases”.

5. ●The paper asks: ○What aspects of image motion determine how we perceive the orientation of a flat, rotating surface? The Claim: Our visual perception of 3-D structure from motion is based primarily on first-order temporal derivatives of moving images. What do we want to know?

6. First Order Temporal Derivatives? VELOCITY is first-order information Our perceptual system cares about how quickly points move Our perceptual system does not care about how quickly points accelerate (this is higher order information)

7. What information is uniquely specified in the optic array? We can model a surface as ______________________________ Tilt is uniquely specified Tilt = ______________________________ Slant is not uniquely specified (we need the angular velocity w) Slant =

8. The Hypothesis: ●People can accurately judge tilt because it is a ratio of first-order relationships. ●People base their estimation of slant on the local deformation of textures. (Recall that slant = ) What information do our perceptual systems extract?

9. The Experimental Stimulus People used shuttered glasses to view an LCD screen with a stereogram of a rocky texture

10. The texture simulated two oriented surfaces The texture had been mapped to a dihedral angle

11. ●They occluded the edges so observers could not get information from bounding contours They deformed the texture to simulate rotation

12. Observers reported perceived tilt and slant ● Observers could toggle back and forth between the deforming texture and a computer model of a dihedral angle ● They were allowed to adjust the model of the angle until it matched what they perceived

13. ●Models a constant flow field: no higher order derivatives. Slant is NOT uniquely specified in a constant flow field. ●26 different display conditions, with different velocity values. ●The display conditions were presented five times each in a random sequence over a period of two experimental sessions. Experiment 1:

14. Experiment 1: Tilt in a Constant Flow Field Observers are almost perfectly accurate at determining tilt

15. Perceived slant depends on Vx and Vy, not deformation Experiment 1: Slant in a Constant Flow Field

16. A New Hypothesis People do not judge slant based on deformation. They instead judge slant by where tau is tilt and alpha is a free parameter. IMPLICATION: Since slant is underdetermined, our visual system uses tilt, something which is uniquely determined.

17. Support for the Hypothesis Observer’s perceptions fit the new hypothesis (alpha =.24)

18. Experiment 2: Higher Order Relations ●The texture no longer deforms with a constant flow field: higher order relationships were simulated ●We now have a true simulated slant ●Experimenters used two different angular velocities ●If we use higher order relations, then the different values of omega will yield different perceived slant

19. Experiment 2: Perception of Tilt People are still very accurate perceivers of tilt.

20. Experiment 2: Perception of Slant People are less accurate at perceiving slant.

21. Experiment 2: Testing the old hypothesis Our perception of slant is not based purely on the deformation of a texture.

22. Using.066 as the free parameter Experiment 2: Testing the new hypothesis

23. ●The perception of 3-D structure from motion is based primarily on first-order temporal derivatives of moving elements within a visual image. ●People accurately estimate tilt, which is uniquely specified by first order information ●People inaccurately judge slant, even when slant is uniquely determined by higher-order derivatives. ○People seem to judge slant as a function of first order derivatives and tilt. Conclusion