2. The Thermidorian Reaction  July 27, 1794: Execution of Robespierre  Girondists (moderates) take control  1795: THE DIRECTORY is established Five man executive body Members of the BOURGEOISIE PROBLEM: incompetent and corrupt

3. ENTER NAPOLEON……  Napoleon Bonaparte  Born on CORSICA  1793 began making a name for himself against France’s enemies abroad  Overthrew Directory in 1799 by COUP D’ETAT Coup d’etat = swift overthrow by force

4. THE ROSETTA STONE : discovered during Napoleon’s 1799 campaign in Egypt

5. Napoleon’s coup d’etat 1799

6. COUP D’ETAT to PLEBISCITE  Following coup, Napoleon must LEGITIMIZE his takeover  Holds a PLEBISCITE for people of France to approve of NEW CONSTITUTION Plebiscite = a yes or no vote  Overwhelming majority agree  WHY? He promises a restoration of order

7. From Consulate to Empire  1799-1804: Napoleon establishes a CONSULATE Calls himself FIRST CONSUL then CONSUL FOR LIFE  1801: Concordat with the Pope brings back Catholicism as France’s official religion  1804: Napoleonic Code put into effect  1804-1815: EMPIRE established Crowns himself EMPEROR of FRANCE Expands – through war throughout Europe Becomes allies with Austria, Denmark and Norway

8. Napoleonic Code 1804-1810 Napoleonic Code established in 1804 ○ All men were given the same rights before law ○ Rights of women were all but abolished ○ Civil marriages and divorces allowed ○ Middle-class were favored ○ Labor unions banned ○ Free education for all Lycees = high schools Merit vs. ascription ○ Bank of France to handle government $$$

9. Changes under Napoleon…. ECONOMIC ◦ Encouraged industry, controlled prices – NATIONAL BANK SOCIAL ◦ Public schools – lycees – OPEN TO ALL ◦ MERIT v. ASCRIPTION POLITICAL ◦ Males had more power ◦ Authority and order more important than rights of the individual RELIGIOUS ◦ CONCORDAT OF 1801: made peace with the Catholic Church AND made Catholicism the official religion of France

10. Revolution vs. Napoleon: Ideals Maintained  Equality before the law  Freedom of conscience  Serfdom – still abolished  State becomes a secular entity (sans religion) Ideals Lost  Women denied their equal status with men  All people denied true political liberty  Democratic ideals gone  Censorship reinstated

11. Problems for Napoleon…..  Napoleon wants an EMPIRE  Countries under his control: All of France, part of Italy, Spain  BIG MISTAKES  C – Continental System  P- Peninsular Wars  R – Russian Invasion

12. The Continental System TIGER vs. SHARK FRANCE = the tiger BRITAIN = the shark Napoleon did not allow British goods into Europe Britain sets up BLOCKADE around European ports Damaged European economies NOT just British ones

13. Peninsular Wars - 1808  Napoleon forced nations under his control to accept the Continental System  Put his brother Joseph on Spain’s throne to enforce this on the Iberian Peninsula  Spanish rebelled and Napoleon lost 300,000 men

14. PENINSULAR WARS  Portugal still accepted imports from Britain  Took control of Portugal and put his brother Joseph on the throne of Spain  Rebel forces along with the British fought French forces in Spain - Napoleon’s actions viewed as brutal GOYA’S THIRD OF MAY

15. Napoleon’s defeat….. Russia is first country to leave Continental System Napoleon invades Russia in 1812 600,000 French soldiers invade Russia 100,000 return defeated WHY? ◦ Russia is FREEZING! ◦ Russia has “scorched earth” policy ◦ Crops are burned so enemy cannot survive

16. Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow

17. The Sacrifice of Napoleon Bonaparte

18. Napoleonic Europe

19. Napoleon’s Empire Marked by war and defeat WARS – 1798-1801: War of the Second Coalition – 1805-1807: War of the Third Coalition – 1808-1814: Peninsular Wars – 1809: Wars of Liberation – 1812: Russian Campaign – 1813-1814: War of the Fourth Coalition – March 20-June22, 1815: The Hundred Days

20. The end…..?  Napoleon is forced to abdicate in 1814 ABDICATE = step down from power  He is exiled to island of ELBA EXILED = being forced to leave your country  BUT……  Napoleon gets an army together and comes back to France  For 100 days he tries to take back power in France

21. Napoleon’s residence on ELBA

23. Napoleon part deux (two)…  A new French king rules over France Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI)  ALLIES of the new King, the Quadruple Alliance go after Napoleon and his army  B.A.R.P. Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia

24. DEFEAT WATERLOO  This is the final battle between Napoleon and the allies of the King of France  Napoleon is defeated in Waterloo, Belgium by the English Duke of Wellington and Prussian General Blucher  1821: Napoleon dies on the island of St. Helena

25. Napoleon’s residence at St. Helena

26. “There is only one step from the sublime to the ridiculous.”

27. THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA  The royal houses of Europe try to restore the balance of power  This was known as the Concert of Europe  1815 royal houses sent representatives to the Congress of Vienna led by Austrian prince: Klemens von Metternich  Changes the borders of Europe back to what they were before NAPOLEON Restoration of borders Restoration of the old order (to a degree) CONSERVATISM becomes theme in Europe

28. Europe After the C of V https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aBRR31ocLlg https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=od2VtKUaX0 M

29. EUROPE AFTER NAPOLEON  The Congress of Vienna1815  Revolutionary Europe 1820-48  Socialism/Communism1848  Crimean War1853-1856  Unification of Italy1850-1870  Unification of Germany1864-1870