1. System Design Engineering of Technical Products KKS/ZKMA http://home.zcu.cz/~hosnedl/http://home.zcu.cz/~hosnedl/ b_ZKMA/… Pilsen, Czech Republic, 2014 Department of Machine Design 1 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic  6.1.2009 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Stanislav Hosnedl Sylabuses to Lectures – Part A1

2. A1 Transformation System (TrfS) and Transformation Process (TrfP) - TS object/topological aspects SYSTEM DESIGN ENGINEERING OF TECHNICAL PRODUCTS INFORMATIVE 2 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  NEEDED IMPORTANT ADDITIONAL

3. Transformation ? Transformation System ? Transformation Process ? 3 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  3 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

4. Fig.: Transformation of an Object (from its input into the output state) Input of Object in State 1 Output of Object in State 2 SYSTEM    4 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  IMPORTANT TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

5. OBJECT SUBJECT & tools PROCESS - Active element(s) of Transformation -Transformation of an Object (from its input into the output state) - Passive element(s) of Transformation Input of Object in State 1 Output of Object in State 2 Fig.: Elements of an Artificial Transformation ( Action] [Eekels 2000]    5 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  IMPORTANT TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

6. OBJECT SUBJECT & its Means PROCESS Fig.: Action Subject, Process and Object [Eekels 2000] SYSTEM Fig.: Controlled system [Wiener 1960] Fig.: Paradigma of the general model of the artificial transformation - Transformation System (TrfS) [Hosnedl 2006] Input OBJECT in state 1 Output OBJECT in state 1 SUBJECT & its Means PROCESS SYSTEM OBJECT    6 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  IMPORTANT TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

7. TrfS Boundary Transformační Systém TrfS Fig.: Paradigma of the general model of the artificial transformation -Transformation System (TrfS) [Hosnedl 2006] Output OBJECT in state 2 Input OBJECT in state 1 SUBJECT & its means y PROCESS SYSTEM OBJECT OBJECT => Operand (M,E,I inanimate & animate ( L ) ) MANAGEMENT SYSTEM MgS SYSTEM IS INFORMATION HuS & other LIV.BEEINGS HUMAN Operators : Operators´ Effects: OPERAND Od1 in Input State 1 Secondary Inputs Assisting Inputs TECHNICAL SYSTEM TS OPERAND Od2 in Output State 2 Secondary Outputs Feedbacks ACTIVE & REACTIVE ENVIRONMENT AEnv Transformation Process TrfP (with technology Tg) SUBJECT & its Means => 5 Operators: M,E,I animate ( L ): Human & ost.živ.byt. (HuS); M,E,I unanim. Tech. System/Means (TS) M,E, I professional Information System (IS); M,E, I management: Management Syst. (MgS) M,E,I,L environmental : Active & Reactive Environment (AEnv) PROCESS => Transformation Process (TrfP) Notes: - Operators & Process are permanent and un-changeable TrfS elements. - Operand is a temporary TrfS element, which keeps its received output state 2 also outside TrfS. Fig.: General Model of Transformation System (TrfS) with Transformation Process (TrfP) [Hubka 1988]    7 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  IMPORTANT TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

8. Fig.: General Model of Transformation System (TrfS) with Transformation Process (TrfP) [Hubka 1988, 1995, aj. => Eder&Hosnedl 2008] OPERAND Od 2 in outp.state 2 TRANSFORMATION PROCESS (TrfP) (change of a given input to a required output with use of a technology ) TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM (TrfS) Feed- backs TrfS Boundary Executive system Operators: Operators´ Effects : OPERAND Od 1 in inp.state 1 Asissting Inputs Secondary Outputs Secondary Inputs ACTIVE & REACTIVE ENVIRONMENT AR Env MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Management Information) MgS INFORMATION SYSTEM (Professional Information) IS TECHNICAL SYSTEM (Tech&Tg Means ) TS HUMAN SYSTEM (incl. other living beings) HuS Transf. Systems (TrfS) & Transf. Processes (TrfP) 8   22.02.2015 TRANSFORMATION AS A SYSTEM  Navigation system

9. OPERAND Od 2 in outp.state 2 ASSISTANCE OPERATORS’ PROCESSES (AO TrfP) (Example for TS, analogies are for HuS, IS and MgS, realizations are generally different) ACTIVE & REACTIVE ENVIRONMENT AR Env Executive system Navigation system MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Management Information) MgS INFORMATION SYSTEM (Professional Information) IS TECHNICAL SYSTEM (Tech&Tg Means ) TS HUMAN SYSTEM (incl. other living beings) HuS TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM (TrfS) Feed- backs TrfS Boundary Operators: Operators´ Effects : OPERAND Od 1 in inp.state 1 Asissting Inputs Secondary OutputsSecondary Inputs Fig.: General Model of Transformation System (TrfS) with Transformation process (TrfP) incl. Assistance Operators’ Processes (AO TrfP) [Eder&Hosnedl 2008 => Hosnedl 2008] TRANSFORMATION PROCESS (TrfP) (change of a given input to a required output with use of a technology ) Transf. Systems (TrfS) & Transf. Processes (TrfP) 9   22.02.2015 TRANSFORMATION AS A SYSTEM 

10. Transf. Systems (TrfS) & Transf. Processes (TrfP) 10 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   22.02.2015 TRANSFORMATION AS A SYSTEM  Fig.: General Model of Transformation System (TrfS) with Transformation process (TrfP) and Assistance Operators’ Processes (AO TrfP) and structured Operator Active and Reactive Environment (AR Env) [Eder&Hosnedl 2008 => Hosnedl 2013]    & ACTIVE & REACTIVE ENVIRONMENT (AR Env)   &  AR HuS Env ACTIVE & REACTIVE NATURE SYSTEM (nature environmnent) AR NS Env AR TS Env AR IS Env AR MgS Env OPERAND Od 2 in outp.state 2 ASSISTANCE OPERATORS’ PROCESSES (AO TrfP) Navigation system MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (Management Information) MgS INFORMATION SYSTEM (Professional Information) IS TECHNICAL SYSTEM (Tech&Tg Means ) TS TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM (TrfS) Feed- backs TrfS Boundary Operators: Operators´ Effects : OPERAND Od 1 in inp.state 1 Asissting Inputs Secondary OutputsSecondary Inputs TRANSFORMATION PROCESS (TrfP) (change of a given input to a required output with use of a technology ) (Example for TS, analogies are for HuS, IS and MgS, realizations are generally different)  § Executive system HUMAN SYSTEM (incl. other living beings) HuS

11. General Object of the transformation: Operand (Od) - WHAT is being transformed? -desirable state 2 of the Operand : Output of the TrfP (the achived state 2 remains after output from TrfS!) - available state 1 of the Operand: Input of the TrfP State Change of the Operand by: Technology (Tg) - HOW (by which tools & ways) is Operand being transformed? Usual changes of the Operand (M, E, I, L): -external: manufacturing (e.g. form change, Dimension change, change of tolerances) - internal: processing (e.g. heat treatment, structural changes) - in location and/or orientation: transportation and/or manipulation - in time: storage    11   6.1.2009  NEEDED TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

12. Delivery of needed Effects onto Operand: from Operators (Op) - WITH (& in concordance with) WHAT is Operand being transformed? Operators: - Human (System): Human Beings & other Living Beings - Technical System: Technical Means - Affecting & Affected Environment: Close & Distant Involved Environment - Information System: Professional Information Means - Management System Management Information Means Transformation Process is being accompanied by: - Assisting Inputs: desirable (eg. Additional Materials, Energy, Control Information) - Secondary Inputs: mostly undesirable (eg. Dust, Vibrations) - Secondary Outputs: mostly undesirable (eg. Combustion Products, Chips, Flakes, Noice, Vibrations) Necessary element to control transformation process: - Feedback: throughout the main and assistant processes, not only at their ends! Execution System    12   6.1.2009  NEEDED TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

13. Technical Process (TP): -TP is artificial transformation (TrfP) of the operand performed with dominant use (as operator) of technical means (TS) Internal Transformation Process (ITrfP), - ITrfP is (causal) transformation of M, E, I within (logically) the operator Internal Technical Process (ITP): - ITP is Internal Transformation Process (ITrfP) inside an operator TS    13 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  NEEDED TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

14. Notes Part 1 of 2: - Operand generally consists of Material (M), Energy (E) and Information (I). Operand is called as M, E or I according to the dominant/required transformation. However states of all components of operand are being transformed during the TrfP. - Each Operator also generally consists of M, E and I. The structuring of the subject (affecting factor) of the transformation for designing TS into the depicted five standardized operators can be also characterized according to the dominance of quantities M, E, and I : = Human (people, generally loving beings): biological (living) mass M is dominant = Technical Means (tech.system): technical (inanimate) mass M is dominant = Information System: professional information/knowledge I is dominant = Management System: management (objective, time and economical) I is dominant =Information Affecting&Affected Environment: has no dominant element in TrfS, it includes relevant M, E, and I in all their forms - Note that Operators have logical but not physical meaning (e.g. taxi driver transporting passengers (which are an operand) is an operator, however the driver,which transport himself is both operator and operand) - Effects of Operators onto Operand (i.e. transformation interaction of Operators and Operand) are represented (in the model of TrfS) as a resulting logical effect, the aim of which is the requested change/transformation of the state of the transformed Operand. - In fact only effects of Execution System, i.e. of Human, TS, and Environment (esp. in agriculture, and sometimes in engineering e.g. in case of natural releasing of internal tensions within products after welding using effects of atmosphere, etc.) can affect Operand directly (physically). Primarily the Effects are performed among Operators (e.g. Effects of Human can be delivered onto Operand through TS and vice versa, etc.), which can be depicted only in a very simplified way in the model of the TrfS. However during solution of concrete engineering design task it is necessary to consider it as it is.    14 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  INFORMATIVE TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

15. Notes Part 2 of 2: - Effect (in its logical meaning) of an Operator onto Operand need not to be applied in the only same physical location (as depicted in a simplified way in the model of TrfS) – e.g. resulting effect of a lever, mechanical gearing, gear box etc., on transformation of (states) of Energy between their physically (topologically) different input and output locations create from the viewpoint of transformation of this Energy the only one resulting (logical) Effects of these technical means (as Operators) on transformation of Energy (as Operand). This can be depicted in the model of TrfS as “overlapping input and output” into and out of these Operators through the only one (logical) symbol of (resulting) Effect. Causal Transformations performed ”inside” (logically) these Operators (here e.g.” inside” a lever, mechanical gearing, gear box etc.,) are Internal Transformation Processes (ITrfP), and in these examples also Internal Technical Processes (ITP). - Effects (primary actions) among individual elements of the TrfS evoke feedback Effects (reactions). It is also not possible to depict for the simplicity in the general model of TrfS. However it is necessary to consider it during solving concrete engineering design tasks. - Feedbacks (from main output and secondary outputs) are depicted for the simplicity only at the outputs of the TrfS. However it should be considered continuously from the very beginning of the TrfS (even feedbacks from its inputs are necessary!), - Boundary of the TrfS is determined only by a given/chosen Affecting&Affected Environment regarding to the considered TrfP.    15 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  INFORMATIVE TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

16. Operation System? Operation Process?    16 © S. Hosnedl, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic   6.1.2009  TRANSFORMATION as a PROCESS and a SYSTEM A1 TrfS and TrfP - TS object /topological aspects - TS object /topological aspects

17. Fig.: General Model of Operational System with Operational Process of TS as a concretization of Transformation System (TrfS) with Transformation Process (TrfP) [Hubka 1988 etc.] Secondary Outputs Assisting Inputs Operation OPERAND in Input state 1 Operation OPERAND in Output state 2 HuS WORKMEN, OPERATING STAFF TS TECHNICAL MEANS setting, commands Secondary Inputs feedbacks TrfP: OPERATION PROCESS (Σ technological operations) Tg: Ways of operand transformation (incl. tools) 22.02.2015 AR Env ACTIVE & REACTIVE ENVIRONMENT of OPERATIONSYSTEM IS INF. SYSTEM of OPER. SYSTEM MgS MANAG.SYSTEM Of OPER. SYSTEM. Feed- backs Transf. Systems (TrfS) & Transf. Processes (TrfP) 17   OPERATIONAL SYSTEM and OPERATIONAL PROCESSES of TS  Note: - Basic elements of Operation System and Operation Process originate by concretization of general elements of TrfS and TrfP for the TS life stage Operation Process

18. HuS OPERATORS OF W.-DRAWING MACHINE TS WIRE- DRAWING MACHINE setting, commands feedbacks AR Env ACTIVE & REACTIVE ENVIRONMENT of the WORKPLACE IS INF. SYSTEM of WORKPLACE. MgS MANAG. SYSTEM of WORKPLACE d1 d2  pt1  pt2 1 2 TrfP: WIRE DRAWING Gripping Lubrication Reducing diameter of a wire Traction by force Tg: Lubricant WIRE in Input state 1: - diameter 1 - surface state 1 - strength 1 Dust, Vibrations Used lubricant, Heat, Noice, … WIRE in Output state 2: - diameter 2 - surface state 2 - strength 2 Feed- backs Transf. Systems (TrfS) & Transf. Processes (TrfP) 18   22.02.2015 OPERATION SYSTEM and OPERATION PROCESSES of TS  Fig.: Model of the Operation System with Operational Process of TS - an example of the Technical Process (TP) wire drawing [Hubka 1995 etc.]

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