2.  Energy is the capacity to do work  Energy is measured in kcals or joules  Examples: Kinetic, Thermal, Potential, Chemical

4.  Energy cannot be created or destroyed in a reaction; It can only be transformed  Ex: Photosynthesis: Conversion of ____________ energy to _____________ energy!

5.  Living systems need to continually acquire and transform energy in order to do work necessary to remain alive ( “metabolism”)  Ex: grow, repair, move, reproduce!

6.  The energy available in a system to do work (Ex: transport, synthesis, reproduction, growth)

7.  Every time energy is transformed, some of the energy becomes unusable and the entropy of the universe increases  Ex: Cell Respiration: __________ of the chemical energy is converted and used for cellular work; _________ generates heat!

8.  Cells of Organisms process more ordered forms of matter into less ordered forms that are returned to the environment  Ex: Digestion followed by Cell Respiration!!

9.  Entropy is the amount of disorder or randomness in a system  Ex: Your messy room

10.  a. Hydrolysis of Proteins into Amino Acids:  b. Synthesis of Glycogen from Glucose:  c. Photosynthesis:  d. Digestion of a cheeseburger:  e. Transcription of DNA into mRNA:  f. Cellular Respiration:  g: A plant using raw materials to build a leaf in the spring:  h: Leaves decomposing in winter

11.  Matter and energy move into living systems from the environment. Living Systems transform matter and energy and return it in less ordered forms/low energy to the environment!!

12.  Insufficient free energy production leads to disease and death!  Entropy INCREASES  What if this happens at the producer level of an ecosystem??

13.  Multi-Step Metabolism!  Free Energy production occurs in multiple-step pathways, mediated by enzyme catalysts  “slow burn” energy production  Increases efficiency!

15.  Exergonic reactions release free energy (from covalent bonds) and therefore are spontaneous reactions (following activation)  Ex: Cellular Respiration, catabolism, digestion of polymers, decomposition

16.  Endergonic reactions require an input of energy and therefore are not spontaneous  These reactions form products that have high chemical energy (stored)  Ex: Photosynthesis, Anabolism, Synthesis of Polymers from monomers

17.  Used to determine if a process can occur spontaneously or not Δ G = Δ H – T Δ S  Δ G = change in free energy  (- = exergonic, + = endergonic)  Δ H = change in enthalpy for the reaction  (- = exothermic, + = endothermic)  T = Kelvin temperature  Δ S = change in entropy  (+ = entropy increases, - = entropy decreases)

18.  Rxn 1: A + B —> ABReaction 2: CD —> C + D  Δ H: +245 KJ/mol Δ H: -334 KJ/mol  Δ S: -.02 KJ/K Δ S: +.12 KJ/mol

19. ΔG = ΔH – TΔS  If ΔG is negative, free energy is released (reaction will occur spontaneously and is exergonic)  If ΔG is positive, free energy is consumed (reaction will not occur spontaneously and is endergonic) If free energy is not available, the reaction does not occur.

20.  An exergonic reaction…is negative, will release free energy, and will occur spontaneously  An endergonic reaction…is positive, requires the continuous input of energy and is not spontaneously (without free energy available, no reaction occurs)

21. Is ΔG positive or negative Exergonic or Endergonic? Spontaneous? Products have more or less energy than reactants? Time Energy

23.  Catabolic reactions release energy that can be used to drive anabolic reactions  They work TOGETHER

24.  ATP!

25.  Nucleoside  Adenine Base  Ribose Sugar  3 phosphate Groups Which form has more energy stored: ATP or ADP or AMP?

26.  Captures and releases free energy  Releases a large amount of energy when hydrolyzed  Can phosphorylate other molecules to transfer energy (adding a phosphate group)  Energy is stored in the covalent bonds between phosphates

27. Figure 5.12A_s2 ADP: Adenosine Diphosphate P P P Energy H2OH2O Hydrolysis Ribose Adenine P P P Phosphate group ATP:Adenosine Triphosphate

28.  ΔG = -7.3kcal when ATP -> ADP + Pi

29. Time Energy