1. AP Chemistry Exam Review You will be receiving an FRQ group participation in-class grade for each day of the review – 4 (90min) class days of review are planned. –You will work on problems in your assigned FRQ groups. What you will need for this in-class review everyday: –A review book Make sure it has explanations to all the answers, especially the multiple choice. –Your organized notebook labeled by topic Vocab quizzes will also help you assess weak conceptual areas. Make sure you have the FRQ’s from every power point, they are better practice than the review book because they are old AP FRQ’s. –Reference sheets (use official AP ones so they are familiar) Periodic Table & Equation Sheets –Calculator (scientific or graphing with no QWERTY keyboard) The one you will use on the exam so you are comfortable with it. Only to be used on the FRQ section, Part A.

2. AP Exam Format Section I – Multiple Choice (50%) –75 questions, 90 minutes –No calculator, only Periodic Table may be used –No point deductions for incorrect answers, try to answer every question. Section II – Free Response Questions (50%) –6 total questions with the use of all Equation Sheets –Total time 95 minutes in 2 parts: Part A – Calculator may be used (3 questions – 20% each of section II score), 55 minutes –Question 1 will always be an equilibrium question. –Question 2 & 3 will be reaction topics: thermo, kinetics, electro and/or a quantitative lab based question (titration, molar volume of a gas, colligative properties, percent of water in a hydrate, etc.). Always with either gas laws, stoichiometry, or both. Part B – No Calculator (3 questions), 40 minutes –Question 4 will be 3 reaction prediction questions (10% of section II score) –Questions 5 & 6 (15% of section II score), conceptual (periodic trends, bonding, intermolecular forces, kinetic molecular theory or reaction topics named above) and/or qualitative lab based (only if a quantitative lab question is not asked in Part A).

3. AP Exam Topic Distribution Structure of Matter – 20% –Atomic Theory & Structure –Periodic Trends –Chemical Bonding –Molecular Models & Geometry –Nuclear Chemistry States of Matter – 20% –Gases (ch. 5) –Liquids & Solids (ch. 10) –Solutions (colligative properties – ch. 11) Reaction Topics – 35-40% –Stoichiometry (ch. 3 & 4) –Thermochemistry (ch. 8 & 17) –Equilibrium Gaseous (ch. 13) Solubility Product (ch. 16) Acid/Base (ch. 14) –Buffers (ch. 15) –Electrochemistry (ch. 18) –Kinetics (ch. 12) Descriptive Chemistry – 10-15% –Common ion colors in solution –Common precipitate colors –Common flame test colors –Reaction prediction (equation writing – Section II question 4) –Periodic Table – group/element characteristics –Organic Chemistry Laboratory – 5-10% –Solubility rules –Significant figure rules –Percent error/Percent Yield –Lab Equipment –Common lab techniques % composition Titration (Acid/Base or Redox) Gas collection Rate order/Rate Law (Kinetics) Calorimetry (Thermochem.) Faraday’s Law (Electrochem.)

4. Review Day 1: Structure of Matter Atomic Theory & Structure You should be able to: –Discuss the development of the atom from its earliest model to modern day atom (Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, etc.). –Identify the correct # of subatomic particles for atoms, ions, isotopes. –Calculate the average atomic mass of an atom from isotopic data. –Name compounds and write chemical formulas (know your polyatomic ions) Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

5. Review Day 1 Continued Atomic Structure & Periodicity You should be able to: –Identify characteristics of and perform calculations with frequency & wavelength. –Know the relationshiop between types of electromagnetic radiation and energy (EMS) –Know what exhibits continuous and line spectra. –Know what each of the 4 quantum #’s are and what they represent. –Write the complete and abbreviated electron configurations as well as orbital diagrams for atoms and ions. –Identify the number and (probable) location of the valence electrons in an atom. –Apply trends in atomic properties such as atomic radii, ionization energy, electronegativity, electron affinity, and ionic radii. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

6. Review Day 1 Continued Chemical Bonding & Structure You should know: –The characteristics of ionic and covalent bonding. –The relative sizes of ions. –The effect of lattice energy on melting points of ionic compounds (Coulombs Law). –How to use electronegativity to predict the polarity of covalent bonds. –How to draw Lewis structures (electron dot diagrams) for molecular compounds and polyatomic ions. –How to draw resonance structures. –How to assign molecular shapes using VSEPR Theory. *You will NOT need to know formal charge or molecular orbital theory. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

7. Review Day 1 Continued Nuclear Chemistry If class time does not allow this topic should be done at home. You should be able to: –Identify the products of nuclear transformation processes (decays, bombardments, electron capture, etc.) –Interconvert between the half-life of a nuclide and the amount remaining after a specific amount of time. –Be familiar with critical mass, fusion/fission, mass defect, binding energy, nucleon, strong nuclear force, differences in penetrating power of alpha, beta, and gamma rays. –Use a graph to predict the type of decay that will occur *some material was not covered in class, reading about it in the review book will be sufficient for nuclear on the exam. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

8. Review Day 1: Homework You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ that assesses any structure of matter topic (hint: look in Part B questions 5 or 6). –Time yourself (remember you only have 40 minutes for ALL of Part B – so one question should take about 10-15 minutes). The AP question must come from the released FRQ’s on collegeboard’s website. –On top of the first page label the year and question number you selected. –Select a year that has released scoring guidelines. Complete the question in one color ink and then check your answer using the scoring guidelines on the website with a different color ink. –You will not get credit for your homework if your answers are not checked in different color. –Write the points you received out of possible points on the top of the front page – grade is received upon completion NOT this score, so don’t lie or copy, you will only be hurting yourself!!!!

9. Review Day 2: States of Matter Gases You should be able to: –Perform calculations with gas laws (Boyle’s, Charles’, Avagadro’s, Combined, Dalton’s & Ideal) –Perform calculations with the ideal gas law to find the density or molar mass of the gas. –Interpret or draw graphical relationships between gas variables. –Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions which produce gases. –Perform calculations with molar volume. –Perform calculations for gases collected over water. –Perform calculations with rates of effusion/diffusion to find the molar mass. –Perform calculations with root mean square velocity. –Use kinetic molecular theory to explain gas behavior. –Compare real gases to ideal gases. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home – if time allows in class).

10. Review Day 2 Continued Liquids & Solids You should be able to: –Explain how intermolecular forces affect properties of liquids (this can also be applied to samples of gases). –Explain surface tension, capillary action, viscosity, vapor pressure, melting and boiling points. –Rank substances in order of decreasing or increasing properties such as boiling and melting points. –Understand the different types of solids and know examples of each. –Know characteristic points of heating curves and phase diagrams (for example, triple point diagrams) Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home – if time allows in class).

11. Review Day 2 Continued Solutions You should be able to: –Perform calculations with different solution concentrations such as molarity, molality, mass percent, and mole fraction. –Prepare solutions and apply the dilution formula if necessary. –Discuss the effects of temperature, pressure and structure on solubility. –Perform calculations with Raoult’s Law (Pressure of solvent vs pressure of solution – becareful, this equation is not on the equation sheet.) –Understand colligative properties such as boiling point elevation, vapor pressure lowering, freezing point depression, and osmotic pressure. –Use colligative properties to determine the molar mass of a solute. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home if time allows in class).

12. Review Day 2: Homework You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ that assesses any state of matter topic (these topics maybe in Part A or Part B – choose one that assesses most of the topics discussed for review day 2 in one question). –Time yourself (remember you only have 55 minutes for ALL of Part A - less than 20 min a question - and 40 minutes for ALL of Part B - about 10-15 min a question). –You may choose part of a question from Part A and part of a question from Part B for this homework. The AP question must come from the released FRQ’s on collegeboard’s website. –On top of the first page label the year and question number you selected. –Select a year that has released scoring guidelines. Complete the question in one color ink and then check your answer using the scoring guidelines on the website with a different color ink. –You will not get credit for your homework if your answers are not checked in different color. –Write the points you received out of possible points on the top of the front page – grade is received upon completion NOT this score, so don’t lie or copy, you will only be hurting yourself!!!!

13. Review Day 3: Reaction Topics (Stoich - Precipitation Equilibrium) Stoichiometry You should understand: –Moles, mass, representative particles, molar mass, and avagadro’s #. –The % composition of an element in a compound. –Balanced chemical equations and the molar ratio. –Limiting reactants. –Reactions in solution (solution stoichiometry) –The percent yield of a reaction. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

14. Review Day 3 Continued Thermochemistry You should be able to: –Perform stoichiometric calculations with enthalpy. –Perform calculations with specific heat. –Discuss how a calorimeter is used and perform related calculations. –Draw, label, and perform associated calculations for heating curves involving specific heat and enthalpy changes. –Perform calculations with Hess’ Law. –Perform calculations with standard heats of formations. –Compare the absolute entropies of elements and compounds. –Perform calculations with entropy. –Perform calculations with free energy. –Use the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation to explain spontaneity. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

15. Review Day 3 Continued Equilibrium You should be able to: –Write the equilibrium constant expression for a given reaction. –Calculate Q and compare it to K to determine if a reaction is at equilibrium. –Manipulate K if a reaction is reversed or multiplied be a coefficient. –Calculate K from given equilibrium concentrations or vice versa. –Do calculations involving gaseous equilibria and partial pressures. –Compare K values found using concentrations and partial pressures. –Use Le Chatelier’s Principle to determine what direction the position of equilibrium will shift when a change (stress) is imposed. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

16. Review Day 3 Continued Solubility (K sp ) You should be able to: –Write balanced equations for the dissolution of a salt and its corresponding solubility product expression. –Predict the relative solubilities of salts which dissolve to give the same number of ions from their Ksp values. –Calculate the Ksp value from the solubility of a salt. –Calculate the solubility of a salt in M or g/L when given the Ksp. –Predict the effect of a common ion on the solubility of a salt and perform calculations. –Perform calculations to predict if a precipitate will form when 2 solution are mixed. –Do problems involving selective precipitation. –Perform calculations involving complex ions and solubility. –Use qualitative analysis to separate a mixture of ions. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

17. Review Day 3: Homework You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ that assesses any gaseous or precipitation equilibrium topic (this topic will always be in Part A, question 1). –Time yourself (remember you only have 55 minutes for ALL of Part A - less than 20 min a question). The AP question must come from the released FRQ’s on collegeboard’s website. –On top of the first page label the year and question number you selected. –Select a year that has released scoring guidelines. Complete the question in one color ink and then check your answer using the scoring guidelines on the website with a different color ink. –You will not get credit for your homework if your answers are not checked in different color. –Write the points you received out of possible points on the top of the front page – grade is received upon completion NOT this score, so don’t lie or copy, you will only be hurting yourself!!!!

18. Review Day 4: Reaction Topics (Acids/Bases - Kinetics) Acids/Bases You should be able to: –Understand the acid-base theories of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry, and Lewis. –Identify strong acids and bases and calculate their pH’s. –Calculate the pH of a weak acid or base. –Calculate the concentration of a strong acid/base or weak acid/base from the pH. –Calculate the pH and ion concentrations in a polyprotic acid. –Predict the pH of a salt from its formula and then calculate the pH of the salt. –Identify the components of a buffer and perform calculations involving the preparation of a buffer and the addition of a strong acid or strong base to a buffer. –Perform calculations involving titrations involving strong and weak acids/bases. –Be familiar with titration curves and selection of an acid-base indicator. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

19. Review Day 4 Continued Electrochemistry You should be able to: –Identify and compare the two types of electrochemical cells: galvanic and electrolytic. –Draw and label a galvanic cell, including labeling the electrodes, the flow of electrons, and the flow of ions. –Write the half reactions and determine which reactions occur at the anode and the cathode. –Give the line notation for a galvanic cell or write a balanced redox from the line notation. –Calculate the cell potential for a galvanic cell and an electrolytic cell. –Calculate the cell potential under nonstandard conditions when the solutions are not 1.0 M (the Nernst Equation). –Determine the strengths of oxidizing and reducing agents. –Draw and label an electrolytic cell, including reactions that occur at the anode and cathode. –Perform stoichiometric calculations involving electrolysis. Find the appropriate section in your review book and complete as many multiple choice questions as you can in 15 minutes (should be around 15 questions), then you will have 5 minutes to check your answer (anything you get wrong mark to go over at home).

20. Review Day 4 Continued Kinetics You should be able to: –Identify factors that affect reaction rates. –Calculate the rate of production of a product or consumption of a reactant using mole ratios and the given rate. –Determine the rate law for a reaction from given data, overall order, and value of the rate constant, inclusive of units. –Determine the instantaneous rate of a reaction. –Use integrated rate laws to determine concentrations at a certain time and create graphs to determine the order of a reaction. –Write the rate law from a given mechanism given the speeds of each elementary step. –Write the overall reaction for a mechanism and identify catalysts and intermediates present. –Determine the activation energy for the reaction using the Arrhenius equation. –Graphically determine the activation energy using the Arrhenius equations. *We did this topic quickly and some material was not covered you will need to read about it in your review book. Find the appropriate section in your review book and read about the information you are not familiar with and then complete some multiple choice questions in about 15 minutes. Then check answers.

21. Review Day 4: Homework You must select and complete (neatly) 1 old FRQ that assesses any acid/base topic (this topic will almost always be in Part A, question 1 if assessing equilibrium). –Time yourself (remember you only have 55 minutes for ALL of Part A - less than 20 min a question). The AP question must come from the released FRQ’s on collegeboard’s website. –On top of the first page label the year and question number you selected. –Select a year that has released scoring guidelines. Complete the question in one color ink and then check your answer using the scoring guidelines on the website with a different color ink. –You will not get credit for your homework if your answers are not checked in different color. –Write the points you received out of possible points on the top of the front page – grade is received upon completion NOT this score, so don’t lie or copy, you will only be hurting yourself!!!!

22. Topics to Cover on Your Own The last two topics are really assessing your exposure to lab and basic chemistry knowledge – it really requires basic chemistry knowledge and memorization. Use your review book to review these topics and complete multiple choice questions: –Descriptive Chemistry Reaction Prediction is under this topic, use your review book or the AP Equation writing power point on my website to practice these. There is also a review sheet of descriptive colors on my website –Laboratory Use a review book to review lab equipment and standard lab calculations.

23. Preparing for the Exam: May 7 th @ 8am in the IB Building (don’t be late) Use the practice exam to be done in class right before the AP Exam to assess last minute areas you need to review. When practicing multiple choice questions make sure you understand why you get them wrong. Don’t just go over FRQ’s redo them until you get every part without looking at answers. Get a good nights sleep the night before. Eat breakfast so you can have energy and be alert. Bring things that comfort you (lucky pencil, gum, etc.) Bring your picture ID ( I will not be there to vouch for you), sharpened pencils, pens, and backup calculator or batteries. Remember, if our are taking AP Environmental (APE), you should have arranged a reschedule of the APE exam with Ms. Gentile.

24. Message from Mrs. Andre First, there is a pattern to the colors in this presentation, you should be able to decipher it - I know, I am a nerd (and proud of it!). Second, please try your best!!!! We have worked very hard to get to this point. You have to have the confidence that you have learned chemistry (something had to sink in since August ). The worst thing you can do is give up, DO NOT put your head down, I will find out and be very disappointed . Finally, no matter how you do I AM PROUD OF YOU!!!!!!!!! Taking college level chemistry in high school is not easy, you have challenged yourself and it will pay off in some way.