1. Standard 2 Objective 1 Study Notes Plate Tectonics 1

2. 1. The lower boundary of Earth’s crust is called the ______. moho

3. 2. The solid, plastic layer of the mantle is called the ______________. asthenosphere

4. 3. All of the following are important sources for energy in the Earth system EXCEPT _______ _______. waterenergy

5. 4. The force of attraction that exists among all matter in the universe is called _______. gravity

6. 5. Because Earth’s interior is warmer than its surface layers, hot materials move toward the surface in a process called ___________. convection

7. 6. An area where no direct seismic waves from a particular earthquake can be detected is called a ________ _____. shadowzone

8. 7. The composition of Earth’s interior affects the _______ and _________ of seismic waves. speeddirection

9. 8. P waves are the ______ body waves. fastest

10. 9. A modern seismograph consists of ______ sensing devices. three

11. 10. To find the distance to an earthquake’s epicenter, scientists analyze the arrival times of the ___ waves and ___ waves. PS

12. 11. The structure of Earth’s interior affects the _____ and ________ of seismic waves. speeddirection

13. 12. ______ rebound is the sudden return of deformed rock to its undeformed shape. Elastic

14. 13. P waves travel fastest through very ______, not easily ___________ materials. compresseddense

15. 14. Earth’s interior affects the speed and direction of __ waves and __ waves. P S

16. 15. Chemical composition of Earth’s layers allow scientists to separate Earth into the_____, ______ and _____ layers. corecrustmantle

17. 16. ____________ ______and heat of formation are the two sources of Earth’s internal heat energy. Radioactivedecay

18. 17. __________ is the movement of heated materials upward and the movement of cooled materials downward. Convection

19. 18. Heat creates __________ currents in Earth’s mantle causing the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates. convection

20. 21. Earth’s temperature warmed up by the _____________ of solid particles. bombardment

21. 22. A __________ atom decays when it gives off a particle or radiation. radioactive

22. 23. Seismic waves travel at different speeds, showing scientists that the layers have different ____________. compositions

23. 24. Scientists infer the ___________ of Earth’s layers because they cannot gather samples from the layers. composition

24. 25. Earth’s core must be composed of _____ and ______ to create the magnetic field and density needed to match estimates of Earth’s mass. iron nickel

25. 26. The ___________ of a meteorite resembles the Earth’s interior because they both formed from the same nebula. composition

26. 27. Earth’s lithosphere and asthenosphere are different because they have different ________ (__________) properties. physical mechanical

27. 28. Seismic waves indicate that the physical properties of the asthenosphere are more _____ than the lithosphere. fluid

28. 29. The properties of the asthenosphere are important to _____ _________ theory because a fluid asthenosphere allows the plates to move. platetectonics

29. 30. Heat from volcanic lava coming from near the asthenosphere is direct evidence scientists have concerning the ___________ of the asthenosphere. properties

30. The End