1. Gülden Çelik

2. Learning Objectives At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: Define bacteremia, fungemia, and sepsis List the main types of bacteremia and reasons List the main microorganisms causing bacteremia List the main laboratory method for detection List the important factors influencing the laboratory test result

3. Bacteremia Presence of viable bacteria in the blood May be transient Self-limited without clinical consequences But: Frequently reflects the presence of serious infections Life-threatening in immunocompromised Often associated with hospitalization and instrumentation

4. Pseudobacteremia As a result of contamination of blood samples during phlebotomy False positive results of blood culture Contamination is due to skin commensals: coagulase- negative staphylococci(CoNS) or other skin flora But: Depending on the clinical situation these skin flora may not represent pseudobacteremia

5. Occult(unsuspected)bacteremia No physical sign s or symptoms of severe infection Frequently in children younger than 2 years Due to Streptococcus pneumoniae Diagnosis may be overlooked If treatment delayed, catastrophic sequences

6. Sepsis In the past septisemia :bacteremia+bacterial invasion and toxin production Now terms are used to explain systemic response to infection according to the severity: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) Septic shock Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

7. %70 septic patients Blood culture negative

8. Clasification of bacteremia Site of origin: Primary bacteremia: Arises from endovascular source such as infected cardiac valve or infected intraveneous catheter Secondary bacteremia: Arises from infected extravasular source such as lung in patient with pneumonia Bacteremia of unknown origin

9. Clasification of microbiology Gram-positive Gram-negative polymicrobial

10. CoNS bacteremia In hospitalized patient Indwelling vascular device

11. Polymicrobial bacteremia Enterococci and gram-negative microorganisms: invasion from bowel perforation

12. Clasification of place of acquisition Community acquired Nosocomial : resistant strains

13. Clasification of duration Transient: dental, colonoscopic procedures Intermittant: meningecoccemia Continuous: infective endocarditis

14. Bacteremic patients Incidence of septic shock %10-30 Mortality of septic shock:%40-50

15. Risk for bacteremia Decreased immune competency of selected patients Increased use of invasive procedures Age of the patient Administration of drug therapy

16. Microbiology Over the last 25 years patterns of organisms has shifted: 1960s-1970s: gram-negatives E.coli,P. Aeruginosa 1980s-1990s:gram-positives: S. aureus, CoNS, enterococcus More recently:Fungi(Candida) Fungemia: antifungal susceptibility test

17. Microbiology Methicillin-resistant S. aureus(MRSA) Vancomycin-resistant enterococci(VRE) Extended-spektrum Beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing gram-negatives Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib)decreased by %95 by conjugate Hib vaccine

18. Clinical syndomes associated with bacteremia Catheter-related bloodstream infection Urinary tract infection Pneumonia Intraabdominal infection Skin infection Infective endocarditis Musculoskeletal infection Central nervous system infection

19. Laboratory diagnosis Hemoculture(Venous blood ! : in sterile conditions)) Density of bacteremia in adults versus neonates: 10-15 bacteria/ml is detected by the blood culture Newborns have higher numbers of microorganisms

20. Laboratory diagnosis Hemoculture(Venous blood ! : in sterile conditions)) Density of bacteremia in adults versus neonates: 10-15 bacteria/ml is detected by the blood culture Newborns have higher numbers of microorganisms Rapid molecular techniques: NAT(nucleic acid amplification techniques)

21. Laboratory diagnosis Hemoculture (volume!) Density of bacteremia in adults versus neonates: AgeAmount ≤9 yıl1 ml per year ≥10 yıl20ml

22. Laboratory diagnosis Hemoculture Frequency of collection(!) Three sets One set: 1 aerobic one anaerobic Just before fever rises(!)

23. Laboratory diagnosis 1.set:%80 2.set:%90 3.set:%99 -In the first 1-2 hours from three different veins 3 sets -In subacute bacterial endocarditis: in the first 24 hours three sets 1 hour in between sampling -Bacteremia of unknown origin: in 48 hours 4-6 times 10ml

24. Laboratory diagnosis Brucellosis During the initial pr e sentation and at the anticipated temperature spike

25. Blood culture methods Blood culture systems 7 days of incubation Bacterial endocarditis and fungemia: 2weeks Brucellosis:21-28 days subcultured weekly Anaerobic su b culture is performed after 2 days Any presumptive positive finding should be reported to the physician by phone(panic values in laboratory).

26. Source of contamination %2 -3 Staphylococcus epidermidis Micrococcus Diphtheroids Propionibacterium acnes Any organism cultured from 2-3 blood cultures should not be overlooked as contaminant

27. Source of contamination Microbiologists can not make this determination(true pathogen or contaminant) in the laboratory: Physician input and patient history is needed. Prevention: Hemoculture : education of nurses for sampling !

28. HEMOCULTURE (BLOOD CULTURE)

29. Upon opening the bottle if it’s contaminated

30. Disinfect the rubber cap with alcohol swab. Let it dry at least 30 seconds.

31. the puncture site antisepsis