1. 1 Methods of Experimental Particle Physics Alexei Safonov Lecture #6

2. From Last Time… 2

3. ee W and Z Boson Discoveries at CERN First evidence for Z bosons from neutrino scattering using Gargamelle bubble chamber Sudden movement of electrons Discovery of W boson and a very convincing confirmation of Z by UA1/UA2 from SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron) 1981-1983 UA=“Underground Area” 400 GeV proton-antiproton beams 3

4. Left- and Right-Handed Fermions 4

5. Right- Handed Some problems: The kinetic term only includes left-handed fermions, what do you do with the right handed ones? We want to also describe QED, which doesn’t care about left-handed or right handed fermions, so we need to put them back in Add another piece by hand with dm just for the right handed fermions? Also from experiment we know that Z couples to both right- handed and left-handed fermions (even though not equally) We need to put them back in, but how do you avoid having them couple to W’s? One solution is separate left-handed and right- handed fermions into different representations 5

6. Representations of Groups 6

7. Left- and Right-Handed Terms 7

8. The Lagrangian again 8

9. Review W bosons work only on left- handed components of all fermions They change their type and charge (e->nu, u->d) Z bosons work on both left- handed and right handed components, but not necessarily with the same strength Can’t change charge, but can couple to neutrinos Photons work on both left- handed and right handed fermions But only on charged ones, e.g. it won’t interact with neutrinos 9

10. Are we good? 10

11. Forget for now about gauge boson masses Let’s see if there is a way to make fermion masses not zero without adding a mass term explicitly Say we add a new scalar field  : and allow it to couple to fermions: What if this field can have a non-zero VEV v? Then you effectively “generate ” fermion mass to be Fermion Masses 11

12. Higgs Potential Write a lagrangian for the new scalar field as follows: Let’s say this new field has VEV of v, expand: The minimum of potential energy occurs at 12

13. Higgs Boson Now expand the lagrangian around v: You will get the following: The first term is the new boson’s mass! It can be expressed as: If you re-write above lagrangian (remember you use covariant derivative, which includes W and Z in it This new field can generate W and Z masses 13

14. Next Time Review of the Standard Model Basic phenomenology Include relationship of W and Z masses as they are derived from the lagrangian we wrote today Three generations Experimental tests Masses of particles, widths etc. Interaction strengths We will conclude with the theoretical introduction Will briefly return to it later when we discuss QCD 14