1. Optic canal Canalis opticus Optic nerve N. opticus CN (Cranial nerve) II Opthalmic artery A. opthalmica What happens when there is pathology affecting the optic canal? Article: Meningiomas Involving the Optic CanalMeningiomas Involving the Optic Canal 1

2. Superior orbital fissure Fissura orbitalis superior Oculomotor nerve N. oculomotorius (CN III) Trochlear nerve N. trochlearis (CN IV) Opthalmic nerve N. opthalmicus (V1, branch of CN V) Abducens (abducent) nerve N. abducens (CN VI) Superior opthalmic vein V. opthalmica superior What happens when there is pathology affecting the superior orbital fissure? Superior orbital fissure syndromeSuperior orbital fissure syndrome 2

3. Foramen rotundum Maxillary nerve N. maxillaris (CN V2, branch of CN V-trigeminal nerve) What happens when there is pathology affecting the foramen rotundum? Trigeminal neuralgia is caused by maxillary and mandibular nerve entrapment: greater incidence of right-sided facial symptoms is due to the foramen rotundum and foramen ovale being narrower on the right side of the cranium. Trigeminal neuralgia 3

4. Foramen ovale Mandibular nerve N. mandinbularis (V3, branch of CN V) What happens when there is pathology affecting the foramen ovale? See the previous slide 4

5. Foramen spinosum 5 Medial meningeal artery A. meningea media (branch of maxillary artery) What happens when there is pathology affecting the foramen spinosum? Multiple Middle Meningeal Artery Aneurysms A Case Report Epidural hemorrhage

6. 6 Carotid canal Canalis caroticus Internal carotid arteyA. carotis interna Internal carotid plexusPlexus caroticus internus What happens when there is pathology affecting the carotid canal? Internal carotid artery agenesis: diagnosis, clinical spectrum, associated conditions and its importance in the era of stroke interventions. Internal carotid artery agenesis: diagnosis, clinical spectrum, associated conditions and its importance in the era of stroke interventions. Bilateral internal carotid artery hypotrophy in malignant osteopetrosis. Bilateral internal carotid artery hypotrophy in malignant osteopetrosis.

7. 7 Internal auditory meatus (canal) Meatus acusticus internus Facial nerve N. facialis ( CN VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve N. vestibulocochlearis (CN VIII) Artery of labyrinth A. labyrinthi (branch of basilar artery) The internal ear is the essential part of the organ of hearing, receiving the ultimate distribution of the auditory nerve. It is called the labyrinth, from the complexity of its shape. What happens when there is pathology affecting the internal auditory canal? Acoustic Neuroma X Stylomastoid foramen: CN VII Bell’s palsyStylomastoid foramenBell’s palsy

8. 8 Jugular foramen Foramen jugulare Inferior petrosal sinus Sinus petrosus inferior Glossopharyngeal nerve N. glossopharyngeus (CN IX) Vagal nerve N. vagus (CN X) Accessory nerve Nervus accessorius (CN XI) Sigmoid sinus Sinus sigmoideus Posterior meningeal artery A. meningea posterior What happens when there is pathology affecting the jugular foramen? Vernet's syndrome

9. 9 Hypoglossal canal Canalis hypoglossi Hypoglossal nerveN. hypoglossus (CN XII) What happens when there is pathology affecting the hypoglossal canal? Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Hypoglossal Nerve

10. 10 Foramen magnum Medulla oblongataMedulla oblongata MeningesMeninges Vertebral arteriesVertebral arteriesAa. Vertebrales Spinal root of accessory nerveSpinal root of accessory nerve Radix spinalis n. accessorius What happens when there is pathology affecting the foramen magnum ? Foramen magnum tumor--the diagnosis and surgical approach