1. THE CLIMATE RECORD Paleoclimates, historical climates

3. PROXY DATA Historical Documents Biological evidence coral, forams, pollen, tree rings Geological evidence glacial deposits, ice cores, sediments

5. Antarctica Ice Cores

6. Palynology is the branch of science dealing with microscopic, decay-resistant remains of certain plants and animals. It has many applications including archaeological palynology, Quarternary palynology, and stratigraphic palynology.

7. Marine sediment samples collected with a multicorer

8. Foraminifera (forams for short). Forams provide two main types of information : ocean temperature of species, O18/O16 ratio (glacial ice volume) Ocean Floor Cores

9. Biological Evidence: Tree Rings

10. Bristlecone pine of the Great Basin region of western North America are the oldest known living trees, up to 5,000 years old. DENDROCHRONOLOGY

12. Pleistocene Ice Age

13. Glacial Deposit: Erratic

14. Alpine Glacier and Mass Balance

15. Alpine Erosional Features

16. Alpine Glacier Depositional Features

17. Continental Glacier Depositional Features

18. Milankovitch Hypothesis

19. Vostok Ice Core Record

20. MIDIEVAL WARM PERIOD AND LITTLE ICE AGE

21. Viking Voyages During Medieval Warm Period

22. MAYAN CIVILIZATION COLLAPSE

23. Hunters in the Snow by the Flemish painter Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1525–1569). Completed in February 1565, during the first of the many bitter winters of the Little Ice Age. Climate and Art

24. Historic Instrument Record