1. Radio

2. Discovery of radio
The first documented radio transmission occurred in 1895 and was sent by a 21 year old Italian, Guglielmo Marconi, who conducted simple experiments using a radio transmitter and receiver
The transmitter was placed at his house, and the receiver placed three miles away.
He got his servant to fire a gun when the transmission had been received - the three dots ··· of the letter S in Morse Code.

3. Early Use of Radio
The first major use of radio was for navigation, where it greatly reduced the isolation of ships, saving thousands of lives.
Radio had an immediate application for shipping, as now ships on the busy transatlantic routes could communicate with land and each other.
for the first couple of decades radio was generally limited to Morse code transmissions.
In particular, the 1912 sinking of the Titanic highlighted the value of radio to ocean vessels.

4. Early Radio Industry Development
Radio began with a series of incremental scientific discoveries and technical refinements, which eventually led to the development of commercial applications.
Marconi's demonstration of a practical system for generating and receiving long-range radio signals sparked interest worldwide resulting in numerous competing experimenters.

5. Early Radio Industry Development
Alternator-Transmitter Development
Radio signals were originally produced by spark transmitters, which were noisy and inefficient.
Arc-Transmitter Development
A method for generating continuous-wave radio signals developed by a Danish, Valdemar Poulsen.
Audion and Vacuum-tube Receiver Development
Lee DeForest invented a three-element vacuum-tube detector which he called an Audion.
Pre-War Vacuum-tube Transmitter Development
AT&T initially developed vacuum-tubes as amplifiers for long-distance telephone lines.

6. Pioneering Amateurs
Radio captured the imagination of thousands of ordinary persons who wanted to experiment with this amazing new technology.
Until late 1912 there was no licensing or regulation of radio transmitters in the United States, so amateurs were free to set up stations wherever they wished.
But with the adoption of licensing, amateur operators faced a crisis, as most were now restricted to transmitting on a wavelength of 200 meters.
The U.S. government shut down all amateur stations, as the country entered World War I.

7. Radio During World War I
Civilian radio activities were suspended during the war, as the radio industry was taken over by the government.
Numerous military applications were developed, including direct communication with airplanes.
The war also exposed thousands of service personnel to the on-going advances in radio technology, with broadcasting entertainment to the troops.

8. Broadcasting After World War I
Although still unfocused, scattered broadcasting activities, taking advantage of improvements in vacuum-tube technology, accelerated after the end of the Great War.
Initially there was a shortage of equipment, especially vacuum-tubes, due to ongoing patent disputes, and many of the early efforts were government related or by persons who had access to surplus military equipment.
But the experiments continued to expand, as the radio industry returned to civilian control

9. Big Business and Radio
Once the radio industry finally became profitable, major corporations -- including the American Telephone & Telegraph Company, General Electric, and Westinghouse -- moved into the field.
Meanwhile, in 1919, due to pressure from the U.S. government, American Marconi's assets were sold to General Electric, which used them to form the Radio Corporation of America.

10. World War II Brought further advances in radio technology.
The war years gave birth to Voice of America or VOA.
Shortwave radio was a powerful tool for information and propaganda during the war.
Military radio technology also filtered down into the commercial radio market.

11. Brief Introduction to Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
March 1926 The Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC)‚ a private Company‚ was formed
1928 A small transmitting station was set up at Lahore
1935 NWFP Government set up a 250 watts transmitting station at Peshawar for community listening
1936 The name of Indian State Broadcasting Service was changed as AIR
1942 The Peshawar radio station shifted in a regular broadcasting house
1947 Pakistan Broadcasting Service announced Pakistan’s creation

12. Brief Introduction to Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation
Radio stations being set up in Rawalpindi, Quetta, Karachi
Turned into a corporate body in 1972
1994 FM Gold started using PBC’s studio for the experimental sessions
1997 computerized news processing system
FM transmission started in 1998
Presently Radio Pakistan is broadcasting programmes in 23 languages.

13. Growth of FM in Pakistan
FM Gold-1994: PBC used its own studios and staff for FM Gold.
In Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad from 7:00 AM till 1:00 PM. as experimental transmissions.
After this, in 1996, PBC started FM 101, as an independent FM channel.
In private sector, FM radio channels were introduced in second regime of the Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto ( ).

14. Growth of FM in Pakistan
According to majority listener's opinion, FM 100 is a trendsetter radio channel in FM revolution in Pakistan.
But with the passage of time, many new FM channels have participated in this process.
Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation (PBC)'s FM channel 101 was started on FM 100's style on 1st Oct, 1998.
This channel captured the listener ship of FM 100 to some extent.
This was suggested that for improvement, FM 101 should transmit its programs 24 hours,
More educational programs, live calls should be increased, sound system and comparing style should be improved, young talent shows, road shows, old songs, information and religious programs should be increased.

15. Growth of FM in Pakistan
PEMRA has also issued FM channel licenses to public universities.
University of Peshawar and University of the Punjab are running successfully their channels.
Particularly, FM of Punjab University has played very effective role for the earthquake effects in Muzaffarabad, Azad Kashmir.
After Fm 100 and 101, another channel FM 103 gained popularity among Lahore 's public.
Some trends of it were very new and attractive for them.

16. Growth of FM in Pakistan
FM 103 started to broadcast BBC's Urdu service new bulletins.
The anchorperson's accent and style was more localized. The caller's interaction was also more frank.
Beside this, violating the PEMRA's rules, FM introduced to broadcast its own investigative news bulletin.
These bold steps were unbearable for higher Authorities.
On November 12, 2004 authorities raided the channel’s office, confiscating equipment and bringing the transmission to a halt.