1. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Classical Conditioning: Underlying Processes and Practical Applications Chapter 5

2. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Underlying Processes S-S versus S-R learning Stimulus Substitution versus Preparatory-Response Theory Compensatory-Response Model Rescorla-Wagner Theory

3. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin S-S versus S-R Learning S-R –Neutral stimulus becomes associated with unconditioned response. S-S –Neutral stimulus becomes directly associated with the unconditioned stimulus.

4. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Stimulus-Substitution versus Preparatory Response Theory Stimulus-Substitution –CS acts as substitute for US Preparatory-Response Theory –The CR prepares the organism for presentation of US Compensatory-Response Theory –The CR counteracts the effects of the UR

5. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Rescorla-Wagner Model of Conditioning For every presentation of CS –Excitatory conditioning –Inhibitory conditioning –No conditioning

6. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Rescorla-Wagner Model of Conditioning Behavioral theory of conditioning does not make inferences about expectations or other underlying cognitive functions CS acquires a limited amount of associative strength on each trial. –Associative strength – magnitude of elicited CR –Maximum associative strength – Asymptote of maximum CR <=UR

7. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Rescorla-Wagner Model of Conditioning CS gains certain amount of associative strength on any one trial. Change is associative strength – difference between present strength of CS and maximum possible value. This difference diminishes with each pairing as associative strength is increased. The sum of the associative strength of all CSs <=UR

8. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Acquisition

9. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Conditioning Effects and the Rescorla- Wagner Equation  Vi = Si(V MAX –Vi-V SUM ) –  Vi – amount of change in associative strength for any CS on any one trial. –Si – constant varies between 0.00 and 1.00 measure of salience of CS and sensory capacity of organism. Estimated after conditioning. How quickly associative strength raises to maximum. –V MAX – maximum associative strength – magnitude of UR –Vi – associative strength already accrued to CS1 –V SUM – associative strength already accrued to CS2…CSn

10. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Rescorla-Wagner Equation TrialT Assoc Strength 0..0000 1.2.5000 2.4.3750 3.5.7800 4.6.8550 5.7.6400 6.8.2300 7.8.6700 8.9.0000 9.9.2500 109.4400  Vi = Si(VMAX–Vi-VSUM) Si=0.25 Vmax=10 Vsum=0 i=1  Vi =.25(10)=2.5 i=2  Vi =.25(10-2.5)=1.88 i=3  Vi =.25(10-4.375)=1.4 i=4  Vi =.25(10-5.78)=1.05 i=5  Vi =.25(10-6.85)=.78

11. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Acquisition

12. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Practical Applications Understanding Phobias Treating Phobias Aversion Therapy Medical Applications

13. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Understanding Phobias Overgeneralizations Watson and Rayner Additional Factors –Observational learning –Temperament –Preparedness –History of control –Incubation –strengthening by brief exposure to CS –US revaluation –Selective sensitization

14. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Treating Phobias Systematic desensitization –Counter conditioning Reciprocal inhibition –Training in relaxation –Creation of hierarchy –Pairing of items in hierarchy with relaxation

15. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Treating Phobias Flooding – prolong exposure to feared stimulus Aversion Therapy

16. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Medical Applications Neuropsychoimmunology Drug Relapse Prevention

17. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Biological Preparedness Equipotentiality premise – all environmental stimuli that can be detected by an organism can serve as conditioned stimulus. A given stimulus will be equally good in all contexts

18. Dr. Steven I. Dworkin Garcia and Koelling 1966 CS1 - bright noisy water CS2 – taste US1- illness US2- shock