1. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Dental X-ray Film Processing Chapter 8

2. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Objectives Define the key words. Explain how a latent image becomes a visible image. List in sequence the steps in processing dental films. List the four chemicals in the developer solution and explain the function of each ingredient.

3. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Objectives List the four chemicals in the fixer solution and explain the function of each ingredient. Discuss location, size, and lighting as considerations for setting up a darkroom. Discuss the factors that affect safelighting. Identify equipment needed for manual processing.

4. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Objectives Demonstrate the steps of manual film processing. Describe the role of rapid (chairside) processing. Identify equipment needed for automatic film processing. Demonstrate the steps of automatic film processing.

5. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Objectives Compare manual and automatic processing methods stating advantages and disadvantages of each. Explain the role chemical replenishment and solution changes play in maintaining optimal processing chemistry.

6. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Introduction  Film processing is a series of steps that converts the invisible latent image on the dental x-ray film into a visible permanent image called a radiograph.  The diagnostic quality of the visible image depends on strictly adhering to these processing steps.  Film processing may be accomplished either manually or automatically.

7. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Overview of Film Processing Steps in manual processing: Developing Rinsing Fixing Washing Drying

8. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Film Processing Solutions Developer Fixer Hardening agents Replenisher

9. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-1 Processing chemicals. Liquid concentrate of developer and fixer. When mixed with distilled water, each bottle yields 1 gal (3.8 L) of solution.

10. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Table 8-1 Composition of Developer

11. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-2 Cross section of dental x-ray film emulsion. (A) X-rays strike silver halide crystals, forming latent image sites (shown in gray). (B) After development, crystals struck by x-rays (latent image sites) reduced to black metallic silver. (C) Fixer removes unexposed, undeveloped crystals, leaving the black metallic silver.

12. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Table 8-2 Composition of Fixer

13. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Darkroom Lighting Maintenance Processing chemical maintenance Disposal of radiographic wastes

14. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-3 Chair-side darkroom box with view-through plastic filtered top. First cup is filled with developer, second cup with rinse water, third cup with fixer, and fourth cup with wash water. A heater with a thermostat keeps the solutions at optimum temperature for rapid processing. (Courtesy of Densply Rinn)

15. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-4 Automatic processor with daylight loader attachment for use outside the darkroom. (Courtesy of Air Techniques, Inc.)

16. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-5 Safelight. LED (light-emitting diode) bulb.

17. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Box 8-1 Safelight Consideration

18. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Manual Film Processing Equipment Preparation Procedure Following the procedure

19. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-7 Processing tank with removable inserts. The central compartment holds the rinse/wash water. Usually, the insert on the left is filled with the developer solution, and the insert on the right is filled with the fixer solution.

20. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-8 Floating thermometer used to record the temperature of the developer when manual processing.

21. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-9 Intraoral film hanger with 12 clips. (A) Curved portion at the top allows the radiographer to rest the hanger on the rim of the tank insert for the duration of the time required. (B) White plastic identification tag on which the patient’s name can be written in pencil and later erased. (C) Clamps with three-point positive grip hold the firm securely in place. (Courtesy of Densply Rinn)

22. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Table 8-3 Time- Temperature Chart

23. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Procedure 8-1 Manual Film Processing

24. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Procedure 8-1 (continued) Manual film processing

25. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Rapid (Chairside) Film Processing Equipment Procedure Following the procedure

26. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Automatic Film Processing Equipment Maintenance Preparation Procedure Following the procedure

27. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-10 Automatic processors. (Left image: Courtesy of Air Techniques, Inc.)

28. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Figure 8-11 Schematic illustration of automatic film processor. Film is transported by roller assemblies through each of the processing steps.

29. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Procedure 8-2 Automatic Film Processing

30. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Processing Chemical Maintenance  Both manual and automatic processing methods require chemical maintenance and solution replenishing and changing.  Replenishment consists of removing a small amount of developer and fixer and replacing with fresh chemistry or chemical replenisher specifically made for this purpose.

31. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Review: Chapter Summary Film processing is a series of steps that converts the invisible latent image on the dental x-ray film into a visible permanent image called a radiograph. Two processing chemicals are used — an alkaline developer and a slightly acidic fixer.

32. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Review: Chapter Summary All processing must be done in the darkroom under safelight conditions. Manual processing: Advantage: reliability, no malfunctioning equipment, time and temp control, ability to produce a wet reading. Disadvantage: time it takes to develop

33. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Review: Chapter Summary Rapid (chairside) processing Advantage: fast Disadvantage: quality is diminished Automatic processing Advantage: radiographs produced quickly Disadvantages: initial expense, malfunction potential, maintenance required for optimal output, and rapid chemical depletion.

34. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Review: Chapter Summary Oxidation over time and chemical contamination prompt solution changes and regularly scheduled equipment maintenance and cleaning. Replenishment helps prolong the life of the processing solutions.

35. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Recall: Study Questions General Chapter Review

36. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Reflect: Case Study You work for a temporary agency that provides staffing for oral healthcare practices in your area. Today your employer has sent you to a practice organized and set up for a left- handed practitioner. Your first patient requires a bitewing series of radiographs. You expose the films and proceed to the darkroom for processing.

37. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Reflect: Case Study Unknown to you, this practice has set up the manual processing tanks with the developing solution tank on the right and the fixer tank on the left. You are used to working with processing tanks set up with the developing solution on the left and the fixer on the right, and you proceed to process your films in this manner.

38. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Reflect: Case Study What effect will this have on the resultant radiographs? Why will they look this way? Explain why the processing solutions will produce this result. What can you do to avoid this mistake in the future? What can this practice do to prevent this mistake from happening again?

39. Copyright ©2012 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists, Ninth Edition Evelyn M. Thomson Orlen N. Johnson Relate: Laboratory Application Proceed to Chapter 8, Laboratory Application, to complete this activity.