1. Functional dependencies CMSC 461 Michael Wilson

2. Designing tables  Now we have all the tools to build our databases  How should we actually go about doing this?  First thing’s first

3. Functional dependencies  Going back to relational algebra and the relational model  Identifying functional dependencies in relations help us to identify keys in a relation

4. What is a functional dependency (FD)?  Take a relation R  A set of attributes X = A 1,A 2,…A n in R  A set of attributes Y = B 1,B 2,…B m in R  X functionally determines Y if there’s only one X value per Y value  Every unique tuple in π A1,A2,…An maps to exactly one unique tuple in π B1,B2,…,Bm  Can also say that if a tuple has the values (a 1,a 2,…a n ), it will also have the values (b 1,b 2,…b m )  Relation R then satisfies the functional dependency X→Y

5. What is a functional dependency (FD)?  Tuples that have equal values for attributes in X will have equal values for attributes in Y  Let’s look at some examples

6. Functional dependencies  Tuples with the same values in (A 1,A 2,…A n ) will always be paired with the same values in (B 1,B 2,…B m )

7. Functional dependency examples titleyearlengthgenrestudioStar Star Wars1977124SciFiFoxCarrie Fisher Star Wars1977124SciFiFoxMark Hamill Star Wars1977124SciFiFoxHarrison Ford Gone With the Wind 1992231DramaMGMVivien Leigh Wayne’s World 199295ComedyParamountDana Carvey Wayne’s World 199295ComedyParamountMike Myers

8. Functional dependency examples  title year → length genre studio  Does this work?  Why does it work?  Yes, this functional dependency holds  Assumption that a movie with the same title will not come out within the same year  Every unique movie will have the same length, genre, and studio name

9. More examples  studio → title  studio genre → title  studio genre → title year  title → year  title year → studio  title year → genre  title year → star

10. Functional dependency reasoning  Certain rules hold for functional dependencies that help us to reason about them  You’ve seen these rules in math classes and logic courses

11. Transitivity  Functional dependencies  A → B  B → C  It can be shown that, because of these two dependencies, A → C

12. Splitting/combining  A functional dependency  A 1,A 2,…A n → B 1,B 2,…B m  This can be split into  A 1,A 2,…A n → B 1  A 1,A 2,…A n → B 2  A 1,A 2,…A n → B m  Similarly, we can combine the aforementioned dependencies back into the original dependency

13. Trivial dependencies  Trivial dependencies are functional dependencies where the right side is a subset of the left  Taking A 1,A 2,…A n → B 1,B 2,…B m  If B 1,B 2,…B m is some subset of A 1,A 2,…A n  These dependencies always hold  Therefore, they are called trivial

14. Trivial dependencies  Intermediate situation:  A 1,A 2,…A n → B 1,B 2,…B m  Only some of the elements of B 1,B 2,…B m are in A 1,A 2,…A n  Can simply remove the elements of B 1,B 2,…B m that are in A 1,A 2,…A n to get a nontrivial dependency

15. Closures  Closures are a way of determining possible functional dependencies given a starting set of attributes and a few functional dependencies  You can use these to verify proposed functional dependencies  Notation for the closure of attributes A and B:  {A, B} +

16. Closures  In other words:  Say I have a relation R with attributes A, B, C, D, E, F,  AB → C  BC → AD  D → E  I want to know if AB → D will hold  In order to do this, I need to calculate {A, B} +

17. Calculating closures  In order to calculate a closure, you need a set of attributes to calculate a closure on and a set of functional dependencies to test for  If we have no existing functional dependencies, we can’t calculate closures  In calculating a closure, we’re essentially trying to see what attributes we can “jump” to given a starting set and some other dependencies  If we have no dependencies, there’s nowhere to go

18. Calculating closures  Input: a set of attributes {A 1,A 2,…A n }, a set S of functional dependencies  For this example  Attributes  A, B  S  AB → C  BC → AD  D → E  CF → B

19. Calculating closures: Step 1  Step 1: Split dependencies in S  We want to reduce all of the dependencies in S such that they are as simple as possible  Single attributes on the right side of the dependency  Why?  Makes things way easier, as we’ll see

20. Calculating closures: step 1  AB → C  BC → AD  D → E  CF → B

21. Calculating closures: step 1  AB → C  BC → A  BC → D  D → E  CF → B

22. Calculating closures: step 2  Step 2: Let X be your input attributes  X = {A, B}  X will eventually be your closure

23. Calculating closures: step 3  Step 3: Go through the functional dependencies in S. If the left side of a dependency can is satisfied by some subset of the current set of X, and the right side is not currently in X, add the right side to X  Repeat until there’s nothing left to add

24. Calculating closures: step 3 IIteration 1 XX = {A, B} PPossible subsets: A, B, AB SS AAB → C BBC → A BBC → D DD → E CCF → B

25. IIteration 2 XX = {A, B, C} PPossible subsets: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, ABC SS AAB → C BBC → A BBC → D DD → E CCF → B

26. IIteration 3 XX = {A, B, C, D} PPossible subsets AA, B, C, D, AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD, ABC, ABD, ACD, BCD, ABCD SS DD → E CCF → B

27.  Iteration 4  X = {A, B, C, D, E}  S  CF → B  This doesn’t match any subset of X  Done!

28. Calculating closures: step 4  Step 4: Enjoy your closure  {A, B} + = {A, B, C, D, E}  F was not a part of the closure because at no point during the algorithm was there anything that “lead” to F  How could we modify S to include F?

29. Using closures to determine superkeys  Calculating a closure of a set of attributes  If the closure includes all attributes in the relation, then it is a superkey of the relation  Not necessarily a candidate key