2. AIM: How do we investigate the living world? DO NOW: Read the first page of your packet. Underline all of the main ideas.

3. Thursday 9/10/15 AIM: How can we set up controlled experiments? DO NOW: Over the summer I observed that my sunflowers that were in my yard were smaller than the sunflowers in the alley. How can I determine why this happened? HOMEWORK: Text read 11-13

7. Scientific Method 1. Make an observation Based on your 5 senses 2. Research find out what is already known about your subject, & make your own observations 3. Form a Hypothesis an educated guess or possible answer to your observation that is based on your research

8. 4. Experiment set up a situation to test your hypothesis 5. Record, Organize and analyzeData keep track of your measurements and observations use graphs and data tables to identify trends in the data

9. 6. Conclusion does data support hypothesis?? explain what the data means State if your hypothesis is true or false Conclusions must be based on hard evidence from your data

10. Tuesday 9/21/10 AIM: How can we identify independent and dependant variables in an experiment? DO NOW: Scientific Method handout, Back Page, Francisco Redi Homework: Textbook Read pages 10-12. Answer questions 1,2 and 5 on page 13

11. Designing an experiment Must have a purpose for investigation Experiment must be based on research, a previous experiment or an observation Your EXPERIMENT should be based on your hypothesis

12. Controlled Experiment Always setup in 2 sets –Control Group –Experimental Group an experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time in order to establish a cause/effect relationship. Why is it important to only manipulate one variable at a time? You don't want more than one variable, or thing that you're testing, because then, you don't know which variable produced the result you obtained.

13. Which experimental setup is correct and WHY?

14. Hypothesis, Theory & Law  Hypothesis: Prediction needs to be tested, may or may not be correct  Theory: Explanation a former hypothesis that has been supported by many experiments can still be changed or discarded  Law a theory that scientists are extremely confident in (ex: the law of gravity)

15. Tuesday 9/22/09 AIM: How can we set up a controlled experiment? DO NOW: 1- Copy your hw. 2- Use your plant research projects to explain what seed germination is. Homework: In your project section, on a clean sheet of paper, write your heading and develop a hypothesis and controlled experiment related to your plant research. Identify your independent and dependant variables, control and experimental groups YOU WILL BE TESTING THIS HYPOTHESIS IN CLASS!

16. Heading Hypothesis: Experiment –Independent Variable –Dependant Variable –Control GroupExperimental Group

17. Seed germination

18. Controlled Experiments Set up two or more groups for comparison Groups are set up to be alike in all ways except one The one difference between the two groups at the start of the experiment is called the “independent variable” The INdependent variable is the one you are IN control of! Cause of change Dependant variable: Effected by the independent variable Experimental Group(s) is (are) exposed to the independent variable, the Control Group is not

19. Designing a controlled experiment Control setup use all the same equipment, same conditions, but no variables are tested. –Provides a baseline for which to compare the results with the experimental setup. Experimental setup is set up exactly the same way as the CONTROL, but one thing that you want to measure is factored in. –Uses the independent variable (cause) which determines the dependent variable (effect).

20. Procedure Experimental procedures must be very detailed and precise Must include specifics about amounts, materials, temperatures and data collection Must be written step by step

21. Characteristics of Good Experiments  Use large numbers in each group, this increases the reliability of your results  Validity-other scientists should be able to get similar results if they repeat your procedures  Cautious Conclusions * don’t overstate the meaning of your data results could be affected by factors that you are unaware of

22. Wednesday 9/22/10 AIM: How can we organize our data? DO NOW: Explain how your height has changed since the first grade. Homework: Textbook Read page 13. Answer questions 3 and 4 page 13

23. How has your shoe size changed since the first grade? Give an estimate for each year.

24. Mrs Naus’shoe height over the years

25. How can we organize this data in a more organized manor?

26. What are the different types of graphs we can make? Bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts

27. Using the data you collected, organize your shoe size into a table

28. How can we use our table to build a graph?

29. Setting up a line graph Step 1:Identify Variables: –Independent: Goes on the X-axis –Dependent: Goes on the Y-axis Step 2: Determine the variable range –Subtract the lowest data variable from the highest data variable Step 3:Determine a scale(the numerical value for each square) that best fits the range of each variable. –Spread the graph to use MOST of the available space.

30. Setting up a line graph Step 4: Number and label each axis. –This tells what data the lines on your graph represent. Step 5: Plot the data points. –Create a key or legend for multiple parts of data Step 6: Draw the graph Step 7: Title the graph –your title should clearly tell what the graph is about

31. Thursday 9/23/10 Homework: Text read pages 15 and 16 answer the reading check questions found within the reading

32. DO NOW: Thursday 10/1/09 Use the data table to create a line graph TIME (sec)Heart Rate (bpm) 518 1022 1527 2035 2545 3052 3545 4037 4526 5015

33. Using the following data table create a graph Time (days) Growth Control(cm) Growth Exp. (cm) 102 213 334 465

34. Monday 10/5/09 AIM: Why is it important to be safe in the lab? DO NOW: Read the paragraph and underline the procedures you think are incorrect HOMEWORK: Lab Safety Study Sheet EXAM FRIDAY!

36. Tuesday 10/6/09 AIM: What are some of the lab instruments that help us perform scientific experiments? DO NOW: handout Lab study sheet Homework: Lab Instrument handout

37. EXAM Friday Scientific Method Controlled Experiments: ind vs dep variable –Control vs experimental grps –Setting up line graphs Lab safety Lab instruments

38. Lab Equipment

39. Goggles USED TO PROTECT YOUR EYES DURING EXPERIMEN TS USED TO PROTECT YOUR EYES DURING EXPERIMEN TS

40. Gloves USED TO PROTECTYOURHANDSDURINGEXPERIMENTS

41. Meter stick Used to measure distance Used to measure distance has millimeters, centimeters & inches on reverse has millimeters, centimeters & inches on reverse

42. Thermometer MEASURE TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES CELSIUS ( O C) MEASURE TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES CELSIUS ( O C)

43. Triple Beam Balance MEASURE THE MASS IN GRAMS (g)

44. Beakers hold solids or liquids Transfer of substances Measure volume Beaker

45. Erlenmeyer flask Erlenmeyer flasks hold solids or liquidsErlenmeyer flasks hold solids or liquids Measure volumeMeasure volume

46. Graduated Cylinder A graduated cylinder is used to measure volumes of liquids. Milli Liter or Liter

47. Test tubes used to hold small amounts of liquid

48. Thursday

49. Rubber Stoppers Rubber stoppers are used to close containers to avoid spillage or contamination. Containers should never be heated when there is a stopper in place.

50. Test tube holder is useful for holding a test tube which is too hot to handle.is useful for holding a test tube which is too hot to handle.

51. Thursday AIM: How do lab instruments help us perform controlled experiments? DO NOW: Get your plants. Today will be your last measurement. Homework: your Final research project is due on Tuesday

52. Test Tube Racks Test tube racks are for holding and organizing test tubes on the laboratory counter. Plastic racks may melt in contact with very hot test tubes.

53. Glass Stir Rod A glass rod is used to manually stir solutions. It can also be used to transfer a single drop of a solution.

54. Glass Tubing USED TO TRANSFER GASSES FROM DIFFERENT CONTAINERS

55. Funnel A funnel is used to aid in the transfer of liquid from one vessel to another.

56. Bunsen Burner Bunsen burners are used for the heating of nonvolatile liquids and solids.

57. Ringstands and their Components Ringstands are a safe and convenient way to perform reactions that require heating using a Bunsen burner.

58. Ringstands and their Components Iron Rings Iron rings connect to a ringstand and provide a stable, elevated platform for the reaction.

59. Ringstands and their Components Utility Clamps Utility clamps are used to secure test tubes, distillation columns, and burets to the ringstand.

60. Litmus Paper Red litmus paper is used to identify bases. Blue litmus paper is used to identify acids.

61. AIM: How do we take measurements in Life Science? Do Now: Take Plant measurements Homework: Data table and graph handout

62. What is the Metric System? The metric system is a system of measurement that is based on the number ten It is often used in science and in countries around the world

63. How is it different? The metric system uses meters, grams, liters and Celsius The English System uses feet, ounces, gallons and Fahrenheit

64. What can be measured? The metric system can be used to measure mass, volume, length, and temperature

65. Anyone want to work for me this weekend What are units?Words used to describe numbers Example: meters, liters, grams, %, $…

66. 1. Length 2. Volume 3. Mass 4. Density 5. Temperature What are…UnitsTools Meter (m) Metric ruler Liter, cm 3 = mL Metric ruler or graduated cylinder Grams (g) Triple-beam balance g/ml or g/cm 3 Tools for mass & volume ºC or K thermometer

68. What is matter? Anything that has mass & takes up space Examples: Solid, Liquids, & Gases

69. What is mass? Mass is the amount of matter in an object Triple beam balance is used to measure mass Measured in grams

70. What is weight? Weight is the amount of gravity that acts upon an object

71. Are mass and weight the same? Mass and weight are different. Mass is the amount of matter in an object and weight is determined by the amount of gravity and matter in an object. This is why your weight changes on different planets

72. What is volume? Volume is the amount of space an object occupies

73. What is length? Length is the distance between two points

74. What is temperature? Temperature is the average motion of particles We can relate this motion to how hot or cold it is.

75. What is density? Density is how much mass an object has in a given space. The formula for density is: Density =_ Mass__ Volume

76. How do we measure length? Length is measured using a metric ruler or meter stick The metric units for length are the meter (m), centimeter (cm), and the millimeter (mm)

79. How do we measure volume? We use a graduated cylinder for liquids We use a ruler for rectangular solids (L x W x H) We use the water displacement method to determine the volume of irregularly shaped objects The metric units for volume are the liter (L), the cubic centimeter (cm³), and the milliliter (mL)

80. Volume of a liquid Measured with a Graduated Cylinder, Beaker or Erlenmeyer flask Measured in Liters

81. The amount of space an object takes up Graduated Cylinder mL

83. Volume of a solid Calculated –Length x width x height Measured in units 3 Metric ruler Length x Width x Height (L x W x H)

85. Volume Displacement 1.Add at least 20 mL of water to graduated cylinder. 2.Place the object in the water. 3.Note where the water level rises & then subtract: Final Water Level - Initial Water Level = Volume of the Object

86. 50 mL 55 mL 5 mL

87. How do we measure mass? Mass is measured by using a balance The metric units for mass are the gram (g), and kilogram (kg)

88. The amount of matter in a given object Triple-beam balance Grams (g) mg

89. 499 g 578.6 g 389.3 g

90. How do we measure temperature? Temperature is measured using a thermometer The metric unit for temperature is Celsius (°C)

91. Length Metric Ruler Liter Volume Gram Triple-beam balance ºCTemperature Mass = The amount of matter in an object Weight = The gravitational pull on the mass of an object