1. Programming Models/ Paradigms Chapter 5: Programming Languages

2. What is a Programming Paradigm A programming paradigm is a model, example or standard approach that has evolved different programming languages over a number of years. A programming paradigm is a model, example or standard approach that has evolved different programming languages over a number of years. We can basically divide all the languages into 4 models: We can basically divide all the languages into 4 models: Imperative Programming Model Imperative Programming Model Declarative Declarative Functional Functional Object-Oriented Object-Oriented

3. Imperative Programming Paradigm Also known as Procedural paradigm represents the traditional programming process. It is based on Fetch-Decode and Execute cycle. It defines the programming process to be development of a sequence of commands that when followed manipulate data to produce the desired results. Thus it focuses on an approach to solve the problem Also known as Procedural paradigm represents the traditional programming process. It is based on Fetch-Decode and Execute cycle. It defines the programming process to be development of a sequence of commands that when followed manipulate data to produce the desired results. Thus it focuses on an approach to solve the problem

4. Declarative Programming Approach It emphasizes the question “What is the problem?” rather than “What algorithm is required for solving the problem?” Here a general problem solving approach is developed that can solve a number of problems. These languages are difficult to design and are special purpose by nature It emphasizes the question “What is the problem?” rather than “What algorithm is required for solving the problem?” Here a general problem solving approach is developed that can solve a number of problems. These languages are difficult to design and are special purpose by nature PROLOG (Programming LOGic) is an example PROLOG (Programming LOGic) is an example

5. Functional Paradigm It views the process of program development as construction of some small boxes called Methods or functions. Each of these box is provided a set of input values and by applying some transformation output is produced. This e.g It views the process of program development as construction of some small boxes called Methods or functions. Each of these box is provided a set of input values and by applying some transformation output is produced. This e.g Here Find_sum and Find_Diff are functions that are performing certain transformations to get New_balance as output

6. Object Oriented Paradigm In this approach all real world things are considered as an object. Each object has a certain set of qualities/ attributes and each object can perform some job/method. Thus if I have an object CAR then Car has its color, engine#, make, model etc as attributes and its methods can be drive(), stop() etc In this approach all real world things are considered as an object. Each object has a certain set of qualities/ attributes and each object can perform some job/method. Thus if I have an object CAR then Car has its color, engine#, make, model etc as attributes and its methods can be drive(), stop() etc Examples include C++, Java etc Examples include C++, Java etc