1. CPS120: Introduction to Computer Science Variables and Constants

2. Compilers Compiler: a program that translates a high- level language program into machine code High-level languages provide a richer set of instructions that makes the programmer’s life even easier

3. Compilers Compilation process

4. Programming Language Paradigms A paradigm? A set of assumptions, concepts, values, and practices that constitute a way of viewing reality

5. Programming Language Paradigms Portability provided by standardized languages versus interpretation by Bytecode

6. Programming Language Paradigms Imperative or procedural model FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, C, Pascal, Ada, and C++ Functional model LISP, Scheme (a derivative of LISP), and ML

7. Programming Language Paradigms Logic programming PROLOG Object-oriented paradigm SIMULA and Smalltalk C++ is as an imperative language with some object-oriented features Java is an object-oriented language with some imperative features

8. Variables Used to store values in virtually every computer program Used for “remembering” things during program execution Variables have names, types and values Values can change during execution

9. Strong Typing Strong typing: the requirement that only a value of the proper type can be stored into a variable A data type is a description of the set of values and the basic set of operations that can be applied to values of the type

10. Data Types Integer numbers Real numbers Characters Boolean values Strings

11. Declarations A declaration is a statement that associates an identifier with a variable, an action, or some other entity within the language that can be given a name so that the programmer can refer to that item by name

12. Declarations (cont.)

13. Data Types You need to first choose an appropriate data type when you use a variable.Values can either be: whole numbers decimal numbers letters (i.e. characters) whole words (i.e. string values

14. Choosing a Type Most computer languages have a select number of different data types You must select the proper data type for each variable that you use in a program in order to program efficiently This decreases memory (RAM) usage This increases the speed of your program

15. Integers The range varies depending upon how many bytes are assigned to represent an integer value Some high-level languages provide several integer types of different sizes Operations that can be applied to integers are the standard arithmetic and relational operators

16. Data Types - Whole Numbers To store whole numbers in a variable, we use a variable of the int data type. An int variable uses 4 bytes of memory. An int variable can store a number as low as -2,147,483,648. An int variable can store a number as high as 2,147,483,647.

17. Reals Like the integer data type, the range varies depending on the number of bytes assigned to represent a real number Many high-level languages have two sizes of real numbers The operations that can be applied to real numbers are the same as those that can be applied to integer numbers

18. Data Types - Decimal Numbers To store decimal numbers in a variable, we use a variable of the double data type A double variable uses 8 bytes of memory A double variable can store a number as low as -1.7 x 10308 A double variable can store a number as high as 1.7 x 10308 A double variable can store a number with up to 15 digits of precision (significant digits)

19. Characters It takes one byte to represent characters in the ASCII character set Two bytes to represent characters in the Unicode character set Our English alphabet is represented in ASCII, which is a subset of Unicode

20. Characters Applying arithmetic operations to characters doesn’t make much sense Comparing characters does make sense, so the relational operators can be applied to characters The meaning of “less than” and “greater than” when applied to characters is “comes before” and “comes after” in the character set

21. Data Types - Characters To store a letter or a single character (such as #, $, *, etc.), we use a variable of the char data type. A char variable only uses 1 byte of memory. A char variable can only hold one letter, digit, or character.

22. Strings A string is a sequence of characters considered as one data value For example: “This is a string.” Containing 17 characters: one uppercase letter, 12 lowercase letters, three blanks, and a period The operations defined on strings vary from language to language They include concatenation of strings and comparison of strings in terms of lexicographic order

23. Data Types – Words / Phrases To store a word or phrase (string value), we use a variable that is a string Technically string is not a data type You can think of it as a data type for now

24. Boolean The Boolean data type consists of two values: true and false Not all high-level languages support the Boolean data type If a language does not, then you can simulate Boolean values by saying that the Boolean value true is represented by 1 and false is represented by 0

25. Data Types – True and False The data type bool is useful to store true and false values Alternatively, we can simply use an int variable with either a 1 value (to represent true) or a 0 value (to represent false) if necessary

26. Other Data Types unsigned char, short, unsigned int, long, and unsigned long for whole numbers float and long double for decimal values

27. Using Variables in C++ Variables must be declared before they are used in C++. Get into the habit of doing this at the top of your functions char grade; // a students semester grade int numStudents; // number of students in our class double price; // price of item string userName; // user's name

28. Remember A reserved word is a word in a language that has special meaning Case-sensitive means that uppercase and lowercase letters are considered the same

29. Variable Names Variable names are technically known as identifiers Choose your own variable names but you must be careful to use valid ones. Otherwise, the compiler will be confused and errors will result. When choosing your variable names: do not use keywords that are defined in the programming language (Reserved Words) do not include spaces or other disallowed characters do not use more than 31 characters do begin the identifier with a letter Remember, C++ is completely case sensitive

30. Conventions for Naming Variables Use a conventional method of making your variables easy to read at a quick glance. For example: 1.Begin variable identifiers with lowercase letters (eg. score) if you wish to use more than one word within the identifier, you must capitalize the following words or parts of words (eg. semesterGrade, testScore) 2.Separate successive words with underscore characters ( _ ) (eg. semester_grade, card_value) 3.Hungarian notation Begin with type (eg. iTestScore)

31. Common Reserved Words break case char const default do double else extern float for if int long return switch void while

32. Initializing Variables C++ does not automatically initialize all variables to the value 0 If you do not initialize a variable to a certain value, the variable will have an indeterminate value that can corrupt the logic of your programindeterminate value You should usually initialize your variables at the same time that you declare them. This is done with a declaration statement that is also an initialization statement int numberOfPizzas = 3; double monthlyCarPayment = 685; char letterGrade = 'A'; string firstName = "Paul";

33. Assignment statement Assignment statement: an action statement (not a declaration) that says to evaluate the expression on the right-hand side of the symbol and store that value into the place named on the left-hand side

34. Assignment Statement

35. Constants Named constant: A location in memory, referenced by an identifier, that contains a data value that cannot be changed

36. Constants Sometimes you need to use the same value many times throughout a program. In this case, it is proper to use a constant rather than a variable Constants allow you to give a name to a value used several times in a program The value never changes

37. Use of Constants (Literals) Numeric 5 3.14159 -17.29 Characters 'a' '7' '*' Strings (a sequence of symbols "I will be an better person "

38. Naming Constants Constants are defined in a way that is similar to variables Select a data type and give the constant a name Any valid identifier name can be used to name a constant Start with letter or underscore Can’t use reserved words

39. Conventions for Naming Constants Traditionally, all uppercase letters have been used when naming constants Use the underscore character ( _ ) between consecutive words. This allows other programmers to be able to "pick out" your constants at a quick glance Examples: const double PI = 3.14159 const double PA_SALES_TAX = 0.06 const int SPEED_OF_LIGHT = 299792458; // commas can't be used here

40. Type Compatibilities You cannot store a value of one type in a variable of a different type – a type mismatch occurs Promotion occurs automatically You can typecast Supply the name of the data type you want to use to interpret the variable followed by the variable placed in parenthesis C = PI * float (diameter);