1. Lecture 17 ECEN5341/4341 February 21, 2014

2. Nerve Cells 1. Neurons, carry information 2. Glia Cells support functions of insolation and clean up of unwanted materials

3. A Neuron

4. Electrical Signal In the Body 1. Nerves and Action Potentials 2. Activate Mussels 3. Effect Growth Processes. 4. Involved in Memory

5. 1

6. Cell Membrane Cartoon

7. Cell Membranes 1 Classical nerve cell – Na + outside =142mEq/L 1gr/dL=2.5mEq/L – Na + inside = 14 mEq/L – K + outside =4 mEq/L – K + inside = 140 mEq/L – Cl - outside = 103 mEq/L – Cl - inside = 4mEq/L – Enzymes also negative on the inside

8. Diffusion Potential 1. Basic equation 2. For J=0

9. Active Pumps to Maintain Concentration Differences 1. Na +, K + pumps 2. Many other pumps for 80 substances? – Ca 2+, Fe,I, Cl, Urate,sugars and amino acids 3. All require energy. 4. These all require protein channels. 5. Co-transport of molecules say Na +Glucose into the cell.

10. Na +, K + Concentration Gradients

11. Relative Permeability of Membrane

12. Action Potential 1Trigered by influx of Na + as summed by the inputs from the dendrites at the cell body 2. Terminated by Outflow of K +

14. Na + Gate

15. Channels

16. Current Pulses

17. Action Potential 1 Propagates at constant Amplitude for up to 3m at speeds up to 100m/s 2.Repeated and amplified at the nodes of Ranvier

18. Synaptic Junction Output Neurotransmitters

19. A Different Approach to Cell Structure and the Function of Membranes. 1. Reference Cells, Gels and the Engines of Life by Gerald H. Pollack Published by Ebner and Sons Seattle Washington. 2001 2 On the Web Human Physiology - Cell structure and function for some good pictures and standard model with channels for Na, KHuman Physiology - Cell structure and function

20. Outline of Material 1. Problems with the current model for cells 2. Some properties water, H 2 O, Solutes, Ions and cell potential 3. Properties of Gels and Cytoplasm, 4. Phase Transitions a Mechanism for Action 5. Action potentials.

21. Some Problems. 1. Not enough energy for all the pumps. 2. Need 50 or more types of channels and pumps 2. the concentration ratios and voltages are still there when the membrane is removed. 3. You can still get an action potential to propagate along a nerve cell with no Na or K if you have enough Ca.